It seems likely that in ancient Israelas elsewhere in the Near Eastbeliefs about transmundane powers thrived. 1 For this, however, there are only scant hints in the Hebrew Bible. Allusions to the Judaean desert as an abode of the demonic signal the likelihood that native Israelite traditions about spirits sprung from the mapping of misfortune onto local landscapes. 2 Scattered references to goat-demons and cherubim recall Mesopotamian traditions about malicious spirits shaped like animals and guardian spirits with hybrid forms. 3 Names from the Mesopotamian 4 On Lilith in this regard, as well as Resheph, Qeteb, and Deber, see van der Toorn, "Theology of Demons," 63-65; Münnich, God Reshephtogether with the relevant DDD entries.