Memory impairment in the aged: Storage versus retrieval deficit.

Drachman, David A.; Leavitt, J L

doi:10.1037/h0032489

Cited by 145 publications

(61 citation statements)

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“…The older subjects in the study conducted by Drachman and Leavitt (1972) produced an average of 15.2 words, higher than the mean results in the present study. The task, however, was a semantic verbal fluency task.…”

Section: Comparison With Results From Studies On Senile Dementiacontrasting

confidence: 50%

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Verbal fluency performance of normal elderly subjects

Secrest¹

2000

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The timed, divergent language task referred to as verbal fluency has been described as a sensitive test of brain injury (Wertz, 1979) and such tests have been included in aphasia batteries and used in neuropsychological research.Few investigations, however, have focused on the normative performance of elderly adults. 2The purpose of this study was to measure the verbal fluency of normal gerontologic subjects and to determine the extent of association between verbal fluency score and level of education. Specifically, this investigation sought to determine means, ranges and standard deviations for three groups of subjects: those 61 to 69 years of age, those 70 to 79 years of age, and those 80 years of age and above.In addition, correlations between verbal fluency score, and age, sex, years of education, and order of stimulus presentation were computed.One hundred and eleven persons were interviewed for this study. On the basis of the interview and two questionnaires designed to identify past history of possible neurologic involvement, 23 interviewees were excluded from the study. The remaining 88 normal elderly subjects performed verbal fluency tasks with the initial consonant stimuli "B"and "N," each for 60-second periods.Means, ranges and standard deviations for each age cell were computed. The younger two age cells produced a per-letter average of 12.2 and 12.3 words per minute, respectively.Those in the oldest age cell produced a mean of 9.9 words per minute. All groups produced an average of 3.5 words more with· the letter "B" (an "easy" stimulus) than with the letter "N" ( a "moderate" stimulus).In addition, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficients were performed on the data. A low but definite negative correlation was found between verbal fluency score and

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Section: Comparison With Results From Studies On Senile Dementiacontrasting

confidence: 50%

“…A number of studies have focused on the performance of normal aging individuals on word fluency tasks, for the most part in cross-sectional designs (Benton et al, 1981;Stones, 1978;Furry and Baltes, 1973;Drachman and Leavitt, 1972;Schaie and Strother, 1968;Birren et al, 1962;Schaie, 1958;Schaie et al, 1953).…”

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confidence: 99%

Verbal fluency performance of normal elderly subjects

Secrest¹

2000

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“…Requests for reprints should be sent to David M. Riefer , Department of Psychology, California State University , San Bernardino, CA 92407. ing this explanation have not always been replicated. For example, there are studies that show that age differences are still evident for cued recall (Drachman & Leavitt, 1972), recognition (White & Cunningham, 1982), and items per category (Hultsch, 1975) . Also, a number of theorists (e.g.…”

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Age differences in storage and retrieval: A multinomial modeling analysis

Riefer

Batchelder

1991

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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An experiment is reported that examined the memory differences between 23 college students (21-41 years old) and 23 elderly adults (64-92 years old). Both groups memorized lists ofcategorically related words over a series of three study-test trials in a free-recall design. Consistent with prior research on aging effects, the elderly subjects performed more poorly on the number of words recalled, the number of categories recalled, the number of items recalled per category, and the amount of category clustering. To help determine if these differences were due to storage or retrieval processes, Batchelder and Riefer's multinomial model for measuring storage and retrieval was used to analyze the data. The model suggested that age differences were primarily due to retrieval factors and not to storage factors . These results are consistent with a number of retrievalbased theories of aging effects .

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“…Short-term memory loss (exemplified by free recall of a list of words or stories; Gilbert and Levee 1971;Crook and West 1990), with relative preservation of immediate (Blum et al 1970;Drachman and Leavitt 1972) and longterm memory (Luszcz and Bryan 1999) has been reported in healthy elderly as early as the sixth decade. Memory decline in early AD, as opposed to what occurs with normal aging, represents a consistent and progressive change from the individual's prior abilities, and often results in mild impairment in daily functions (Morris 1993).…”

Section: Healthy Cognitive Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Clinical Problem of Symptomatic Alzheimer Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment

Tarawneh

Holtzman

2012

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine

344

218

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Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Clinicopathological studies support the presence of a long preclinical phase of the disease, with the initial deposition of AD pathology estimated to begin approximately 10-15 years prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. The hallmark clinical phenotype of AD is a gradual and progressive decline in two or more cognitive domains, most commonly involving episodic memory and executive functions, that is sufficient to cause social or occupational impairment. Current diagnostic criteria can accurately identify AD in the majority of cases. As disease-modifying therapies are being developed, there is growing interest in the identification of individuals in the earliest symptomatic, as well as presymptomatic, stages of disease, because it is in this population that such therapies may have the greatest chance of success. The use of informant-based methods to establish cognitive and functional decline of an individual from previously attained levels of performance best allows for the identification of individuals in the very mildest stages of cognitive impairment.

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Memory impairment in the aged: Storage versus retrieval deficit.

Cited by 145 publications

References 20 publications

Verbal fluency performance of normal elderly subjects

Verbal fluency performance of normal elderly subjects

Age differences in storage and retrieval: A multinomial modeling analysis

The Clinical Problem of Symptomatic Alzheimer Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment

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