Memory-Enhancing Effects of Mangosteen Pericarp Water Extract through Antioxidative Neuroprotection and Anti-Apoptotic Action

Abstract

Mangosteen has long been utilized as a traditional medicine in Southeast Asia. Diverse extracts of mangosteen pericarp and its bioactive xanthones exhibit various bioactivities. However, the pharmacological potential of mangosteen pericarp water extract (MPW) has not been reported yet. This study used primary cultured rat cortical cells to investigate the effect of MPW on neurotoxicity. We found that MPW inhibited neurotoxicity and production of reactive oxygen species triggered by Aβ(25–35) or excitatory amino acids. MPW inhibited caspase 3 activation and DNA fragmentation in Aβ(25–35)- or N-methyl-D-aspartate-treated cells, suggesting an anti-apoptotic action. Additionally, MPW reduced lipid peroxidation and scavenged 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals, assuring its antioxidant property. Furthermore, MPW suppressed β-secretase and acetylcholinesterase activities. These findings prompted us to evaluate its effect on memory dysfunction in scopolamine-treated mice using Morris water maze test. Oral administration of MPW at the dosage of 50, 100, or 300 mg/kg for four days significantly decreased the latency time to find the platform and markedly increased the swimming time in the target quadrant. Taken together, our results suggest that MPW exerts memory-enhancing effect through antioxidative neuroprotection and anti-apoptotic action. Accordingly, MPW may have a potential to prevent or treat memory impairment associated with Alzheimer’s disease.

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Role of Acetylcholinesterase in their Pathogenesis

“…In addition, they reduced the accumulation of Aβ1-42 in the hippocampus in AD rats. In another study, aqueous extracts of Garcinia mangostana in scopolamine-treated rats showed similar effects as previously mentioned [557,558]. In addition to this, they had anti-apoptotic and antioxidant effects, as well as inhibitory effects on AChE.…”

The Footprint of Kynurenine Pathway in Neurodegeneration: Janus-Faced Role in Parkinson’s Disorder and Therapeutic Implications

“…Extensive research has been carried out to investigate potential antioxidants to ameliorate oxidative stress conditions, such as free radical scavenging vitamin D (water soluble antioxidant); vitamin C, exhibiting neuroprotective actions against L-DOPA induced neurotoxicity [186]; mangosteen pericarp water extract exhibiting antioxidative neuronal protection and anti-apoptotic effects in mice, resulting in enhanced spatial memory [188]; MAO-A inhibitor, Verbascoside [189]; essential oil of Thymus vulgaris [190,191]; and Juglans regia L. extract, which mitigates oxidative stress in neuronal tissue and enhances cognitive potential [186].…”

Beneficios de los compuestos bioactivos del mangostán en la enfermedad de Alzheimer: Revisión narrativa

“…Se sabe que el cerebro es susceptible de sufrir estrés oxidativo por la deficiencia de antioxidantes endógenos, por contener altos niveles de lípidos insaturados susceptibles de ser oxidados y una elevada tasa de utilización de oxígeno. Además, βA induce al daño oxidativo de las neuronas por la generación de ROS [4].…”

“…Además, suprimió la actividad de la β-secretasa y AChe. Por otra parte, los investigadores evaluaron el efecto del extracto sobre la memoria en ratones, sugiriendo que ejerce una mejora sobre la memoria a través de su actividad antioxidante y antiapoptótica [4]. En otro estudio realizado recientemente, donde se analizó la composición de un extracto obtenido del pericarpio, se encontró que la α-mangostín estaba presente en un 55,8 %.…”

“…Se tiene constancia científica de que las funciones biológicas antiinflamatorias, antioxidantes, antitumorales, antibacterianas y neuroprotectoras atribuidas a esta fruta, principalmente al pericarpio, se deben a que es una excelente fuente de sustancias químicas biológicamente activas [3]. Comparando la parte comestible de esta fruta con el pericarpio, este último contiene 10 veces más compuestos fenólicos y una actividad antioxidante 20 veces mayor [4]. Actualmente se han identificado parte de los compuestos bioactivos de esta fruta, siendo las xantonas y sus derivados los que están en mayor cantidad y a las que se les ha atribuido la mayoría de sus propiedades beneficiosas [5].…”