“…Despite the importance of accurate call detection for many dynamic analyses, no prior work solves the issue of dynamic real-time function call detection in dependable and reliable manner. While several works discuss tail call optimization from a compiler perspective [10,14,15], none consider the binary analysis point of view. Existing dynamic analysis frameworks, such as Pin [8], Dyninst [5] and DynamoRIO [4] provide only instruction-level syntax-centric APIs, which force the developer to manually instrument all instruction classes of interest.…”