Memory consolidation in human sleep depends on inhibition of glucocorticoid release

Plihal, Werner; Born, Jan

doi:10.1097/00001756-199909090-00009

Cited by 159 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…32 Conversely, the reduction of cortisol by intranasal insulin may enhance declarative memory formation. 33 In accordance with previous results in normal-weight subjects, 9,34 insulin treatment also improved mood as reflected by decreased scores of introversion and anxiousness and trends toward reduced depressiveness and anger, corroborating that obese men are sensitive to the improving effects of intranasal insulin on neuropsychological functions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Obese men respond to cognitive but not to catabolic brain insulin signaling

et al. 2007

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Context and objective: Insulin acts in the brain to reduce food intake and body weight and is considered a major adiposity signal in energy homeostasis. In normal-weight men, intranasal insulin administration reduces body fat and improves declarative memory. The present experiments aimed to generalize these findings to obese patients, with a view to evaluate the therapeutic potential of the compound. Design, subjects and measurements: Insulin and placebo, respectively, were intranasally administered four times a day (amounting to 160 IU day À1 ) over 8 weeks to two groups of 15 obese men each. Results: Contrasting with the catabolic effects in normal-weight men, insulin treatment did not induce any significant reduction of body weight (P40.50) and body fat (P40.44) in the obese subjects. However, in accordance with the effects in normalweight men, declarative memory and mood were improved (Po0.05) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity as assessed by circulating ACTH (Po0.01) and cortisol levels (Po0.04) was reduced. Conclusions: Our results indicate that in obese men, intranasal insulin is functionally active in the central nervous system but fails to affect the neuronal networks critically involved in body weight regulation. We conclude that obesity in men is associated with central nervous resistance to the adiposity signal insulin. This defect likely contributes to the persistence of obesity in spite of elevated levels of circulating insulin in obese patients.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Obese men respond to cognitive but not to catabolic brain insulin signaling

et al. 2007

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“…One earlier study in humans examined the interaction between sleep and MR blockade on declarative and spatial memory (Plihal and Born, 1999) and failed to find an effect of MR blockade. However, there are considerable differences between this earlier and our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In healthy humans, only one study examined the interaction of sleep and MR blockade on consolidation of declarative memory and failed to find an effect of MR blockade (Plihal and Born, 1999). However, in patients with Addison's disease it was recently shown that MR are needed for encoding learned material (Tytherleigh et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockade of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Healthy Men: Effects on Experimentally Induced Panic Symptoms, Stress Hormones, and Cognition

Otte

Moritz

Yassouridis

et al. 2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Animal studies have shown that blockade of central mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) has anxiolytic effects and impairs several aspects of cognitive function. No study to date assessed the effects of MR blockade on anxiety and cognitive function in humans. In the present study, 16 healthy young men were treated either with placebo or with 300 mg spironolactone, a MR-antagonist, at 1100, 1330, and 1630 hours in a balanced cross-over design with the two study conditions being 1 week apart. At 1500 hours, the panic symptoms provoking compound cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide (CCK-4) was administered i.v. on both occasions and panic symptoms were assessed. We measured plasma ACTH and cortisol between 1300 and 1900 hours and assessed cognitive function between 1800 and 1900 hours. CCK-4 elicited panic symptoms and increased ACTH and cortisol secretion in both conditions. Intensity of panic symptoms after CCK-4 was not different between spironolactone and placebo. Spironolactone significantly impaired selective attention and delayed recall of visuospatial memory, and diminished set shifting/mental flexibility on a trend level. Pretreatment with spironolactone led to higher baseline cortisol levels compared to placebo whereas no differences in stimulated cortisol, baseline ACTH, and stimulated ACTH emerged. Blockade of MR with spironolactone increases baseline cortisol secretion and impairs cognitive function but has no effect on experimentally induced panic symptoms in humans, for the study design and dosage of spironolactone used. The domains of cognitive function that are impaired after blockade of MR in men, that is, selective attention, visuospatial memory, and mental flexibility/set shifting appear to be remarkably similar to those described in animal studies.

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“…For example, compared with SWS or wakefulness, serotonin and norepinehrine are less available during REM sleep (Pace-Schott and Hobson, 2002), and moreover, cortisol levels are higher during late REM sleep than early SWS-rich sleep (Born and Fehm, 1998). Increasing cortisol levels during sleep blocks the improving effect of sleep on declarative memory consolidation (Plihal and Born, 1999;Wagner and Born, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impaired Off-Line Consolidation of Motor Memories After Combined Blockade of Cholinergic Receptors During REM Sleep-Rich Sleep

Rasch

Gais

Born

2009

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep has been considered important for the consolidation of memories, particularly of procedural skills. REM sleep, in contrast to slow-wave sleep (SWS), is hallmarked by the high, wake-like activity of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), which promotes certain synaptic plastic processes underlying the formation of memories. Here, we show in healthy young men that off-line consolidation of a motor skill during a period of late sleep with high amounts of REM sleep depends essentially on high cholinergic activity. After a 3-h sleep period during the early night to satisfy the need for SWS, subjects learned a procedural finger sequence tapping task and a declarative word-pair learning task. After learning, they received either placebo or a combination of the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine (4 mg/kg bodyweight, intravenously) and the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine (5 mg, orally), and then slept for another 3 h, ie, the late nocturnal sleep period, which is dominated by REM sleep. Retrieval was tested the following evening. Combined cholinergic receptor blockade significantly impaired motor skill consolidation, whereas word-pair memory remained unaffected. Additional data show that the impairing effect of cholinergic receptor blockade is specific to sleepdependent consolidation of motor skill and does not occur during a wake-retention interval. Taken together, these results identify high cholinergic activity during late, REM sleep-rich sleep as an essential factor promoting sleep-dependent consolidation of motor skills.

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Memory consolidation in human sleep depends on inhibition of glucocorticoid release

Cited by 159 publications

References 14 publications

Obese men respond to cognitive but not to catabolic brain insulin signaling

Obese men respond to cognitive but not to catabolic brain insulin signaling

Blockade of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Healthy Men: Effects on Experimentally Induced Panic Symptoms, Stress Hormones, and Cognition

Impaired Off-Line Consolidation of Motor Memories After Combined Blockade of Cholinergic Receptors During REM Sleep-Rich Sleep

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