Memory by visual and by auditory presentation.

Comparing Alternative Computer-Based Methods for Preventing Job Task Instructions

“…Contrary results for the same channel comparisons involving the retention of prose materials among college students were reported by Worcester (1925), Greene (193^^), and Goldstein (1940). Goldstein's study was the only one reviewed in which reading rate was paced line-by-line to match the rate of presenting the same materials aurally.…”

Simultaneous vision and audition: the comprehension of prose passages with varying levels of difficulty.

“…Previous research on the efficacy of visual vs. aural presentation of meaningful, connected prose to adults provides results that are in conflict. With material of approximately the same degree of difficulty, some investigators have claimed the visual mode to be superior for immediate recall (1,11), while others have found aural supremacy or else no difference between the two modes (5,13). When the levels of material difficulty are varied, it has been reported that visual presentation is better for material of moderate difficulty, but that there is no difference with easier material (8).…”

A Comparison of Learning and Retention of Materials Presented Visually and Auditorially

“…Worcester (24), using 100-word prose, found, for learning, no superiority of either auditory or visual technique. For retention after intervals of one, two, and seven days, however, the auditory was far superior for the group.…”