Membranous Nephropathy and Formaldehyde Exposure

Formaldehyde‐induced urticarial vasculitis

“…An association between contact urticaria syndrome, delayed pressure urticaria and formaldehyde hypersensitivity has previously been reported in the literature 10 . In addition, Type III hypersensitivity reactions to formaldehyde have been reported manifesting as membranous nephritis 11 . The strong clinical association of symptoms to occupational formaldehyde exposure in this case supports a diagnosis of urticarial vasculitis, serum sickness and delayed pressure urticaria secondary to formaldehyde hypersensitivity.…”

Increasing frequency of idiopathic membranous nephropathy in primary glomerular disease: A 10‐year renal biopsy study from a single Chinese nephrology centre

“…It has been reported that heavy metals, such as mercury, are associated with human memberanous nephropathy and could induce experimental membranous nephropathy in WKY rats . Other studies suggest that organic solvents, such as formaldehyde released in unqualified decoration materials, are also associated with development of human membranous nephropathy . Other possible environmental exposure includes alkylating agents and some drugs .…”

“…According to hygiene hypothesis, iMN is considered to be a T helper 2 (Th2) dominant immune disease, which is common in industrialized countries, such as UK and USA . Some other studies also indicated that exposure of organic solvent, formaldehyde, hydrocarbon or mercury may contribute to the development of iMN, which suggests certain conditions of environment were associated with iMN . It had been reported that the frequency of iMN in PGD was substantially changed in the world over the past three decades .…”

Immunopathogenic Mechanism and Therapeutic Intervention in an Experimental Murine Model of Membranous Nephropathy

“…BSA can induce in situ immune-complex formation in the isolated perfused rat kidney (Fleuren et al, 1980). Antigen quantity also seems to be a cofactor influencing MN induction and a threshold exposure to antigen is needed for induction (Breysse et al, 1994)]. Although the mechanisms responsible for this variable course remain unclear, our results suggest that lower antigen exposure might increase the chance of spontaneous remission.…”