Membrane-bound phospholipase A1 purified from Escherichia coli

Scandella, Carl J.; Kornberg, Arthur

doi:10.1021/bi00800a015

Cited by 214 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(34 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

103

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…On the other hand, about 30% of original lysophospholipase activity was lost by heat-treatment at 100° for 10 min. These properties of the phospholipase A of this organism are quite similar to those of dr-phospholipase A of E. coli with respect to resistance to detergent and heat, and Ca2+ requirement (15,16). Dr-phospholipase A of E. coli has been found to be located in the outer membrane (16)(17)(18).…”

Section: Phospholipasesupporting

confidence: 58%

Mode of action of a bacteriocin from Erwinia carotovora III. properties of phospholipase a of erwinia carotovora and its involvement in phospholipid degradation caused by carotovoricin.

Itoh

Iwata

Izaki

et al. 1981

J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Phospholipase A in the outer membrane of Erwinia carotovora 645ArT was found to be activated by various detergents such as cholate, deoxycholate and Triton X-100, and methanol. The enzyme was inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and Ca2+ was required for the enzyme activity. The enzyme hydrolyzed phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol to form nearly equimolar amounts of free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. Cardiolipin, however, was not susceptible to the enzyme. In a mutant strain deficient in the phospholipase A activity, the rate of degradation of membrane phospholipid caused by carotovoricin Er, a bacteriocin from Erwinina carotovora strain Er, declined to about 1/10 of that of the parent strain under similar conditions. Lysis caused by carotovoricin Er also diminished in the phospholipase Adeficient mutant. These results imply that carotovoricin Er provokes an activation of phospholipase A in sensitive cells, and subsequently, degradation of membane phospholipid and cell lysis result. Phospholipase A-deficient mutant, however, still retained sensitivity to killing activity of carotovoricin Er. Hence, it could be concluded that activation of phospholipase A is not related to the primary bactericidal action of the bacteriocin.Bacteriocins are bactericidal proteinaceous substances produced by certain bacteria (1). Carotovoricin Er, a bacteriocin from Erwinia carotovora strain

show abstract

Section: Phospholipasesupporting

confidence: 58%

Mode of action of a bacteriocin from Erwinia carotovora III. properties of phospholipase a of erwinia carotovora and its involvement in phospholipid degradation caused by carotovoricin.

Itoh

Iwata

Izaki

et al. 1981

J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The sole modification in procedure was elimination of 2-mercaptoethanol since this compound can reduce nitroxides. The separation of inner and outer membranes was monitored by assay of appropriate enzyme markers, succinate dehydrogenase for inner membranes (27) and phospholipase A for outer membranes (28). The inner membrane preparations used here contained a maximum of 15% outer membrane contamination.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lateral Phase Separations in Membrane Lipids and the Mechanism of Sugar Transport in Escherichia coli

Linden

Wright²,

McConnell³

et al. 1973

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

305

149

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Changes in slope of Arrhenius plots for transport can, in some instances, be detected at two different temperatures for cells that have a relatively simple fatty-acid composition in the membrane lipids. These characteristic temperatures correlate with the characteristic temperatures that define changes of state in membrane phospholipids as revealed by the paramagnetic resonance of the spin label TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-l-oxyl). The higher of these characteristic temperatures is that at which the formation of solid patches of membrane lipids is first detected. The lower is the end point of the course of lateral phase separations, at which all the membrane lipids are in a solid phase. For cells enriched for elaidic acid, the rate of transport increases by as much as 2-fold as the temperature is decreased by less than 10, at the higher characteristic temperature. At this characteristic temperature, lateral phase separations begin in the membrane phospholipids. This is also the temperature where one predicts a striking increase in the lateral compressibility of the membrane lipids. These data are thus interpreted to indicate that a component of the transport system vertically penetrates one or both monolayer faces of the membrane during transport, or that some other event involving the lateral compression of the phospholipids is important for transport.Essential fatty-acid auxotrophs of Escherichia coli are powerful tools that have been exploited to study the influence of lipid physical properties on the function and assembly of cellular membranes (1-7). Arrhenius plots for transport have been shown to have a biphasic shape, and the characteristic temperature that defines the change in slope in these plots is exquisitely responsive to the physical characteristics of the essential fatty-acid supplement present during cellular growth. The characteristic temperatures reflect the melting characteristics of the essential fatty-acid supplement, e.g., the characteristic temperatures are in decreasing order when determined in cells grown in media supplemented with fatty acids that are trans-monoenoic, cis-monoenoic, and cis, cisdienoic (or cis, cis, cis-trienoic), (2-4, 6). The first strong indications that the characteristic temperatures correspond to a change of state in the membrane lipids came from two independent studies: (1) The characteristic temperatures for two unrelated transport systems were identical for cells grown with a single essential fatty acid (2, 4). (2) A change in state detected in a monolayer of phosphatidylethaAbbreviations: T is the absolute temperature (degrees Kelvin), th and tI refer to "higher" and "lower" characteristic temperatures (0C) as revealed by spin labeling (or other physical techniques), and th* and tt* refer to the higher and lower temperatures (0C) as revealed by transport rate. The spin label TEMPO is 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl. MATERIALS AND METHODSGrowth and Properties of Bacterial Strains. Strain 30E,3ox-was used exclusively in the studies reporte...

show abstract

“…One factor important in dormant spore resistance to such chemicals appears to be their slow permeation into the spore core or protoplast. A variety of data indicate that it is the spore's inner membrane that is the major permeability barrier restricting the passage of small molecules into the spore core (3-7), although the lipid composition of the inner membrane exhibits no anomalies that might explain its unusual properties (8)(9)(10)(11)(12). In addition, the dormant spore's inner membrane has the potential to expand significantly, because electron microscopy indicates that the volume this membrane encompasses (the spore core): (i) decreases as much as 2-fold late in sporulation (13); and (ii) increases up to 2-fold in the first minute of spore germination, when the spore's large peptidoglycan cortex is degraded and the germ cell wall expands (13)(14)(15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipids in the inner membrane of dormant spores of Bacillus species are largely immobile

Cowan

Olivastro²,

Koppel³

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

173

185

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Bacterial spores of various Bacillus species are impermeable or exhibit low permeability to many compounds that readily penetrate germinated spores, including methylamine. We now show that a lipid probe in the inner membrane of dormant spores of Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus subtilis is largely immobile, as measured by fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching, but becomes free to diffuse laterally upon spore germination. The lipid immobility in and the slow permeation of methylamine through the inner membrane of dormant spores may be due to a significant (1.3-to 1.6-fold) apparent reduction of the membrane surface area in the dormant spore relative to that in the germinated spore, but is not due to the dormant spore's high levels of dipicolinic acid and divalent cations.D ormant bacterial spores of various Bacillus species are extremely resistant to chemical agents that readily kill germinated spores or growing cells (1, 2). One factor important in dormant spore resistance to such chemicals appears to be their slow permeation into the spore core or protoplast. A variety of data indicate that it is the spore's inner membrane that is the major permeability barrier restricting the passage of small molecules into the spore core (3-7), although the lipid composition of the inner membrane exhibits no anomalies that might explain its unusual properties (8)(9)(10)(11)(12). In addition, the dormant spore's inner membrane has the potential to expand significantly, because electron microscopy indicates that the volume this membrane encompasses (the spore core): (i) decreases as much as 2-fold late in sporulation (13); and (ii) increases up to 2-fold in the first minute of spore germination, when the spore's large peptidoglycan cortex is degraded and the germ cell wall expands (13)(14)(15). This increase in core volume during spore germination takes place without new membrane synthesis, because ATP production is not required, and restores relatively normal permeability to the germinated spore's plasma membrane (4,5,16,17).Whereas dyes that stain growing cells, including fluorescent lipid probes, do not stain dormant spores (B.S. and P.S., unpublished results) as expected (15, 18), lipid probes can be incorporated into the developing spore's membranes during sporulation (19). Given the latter finding, we decided to add fluorescent lipid probes during sporulation to prepare spores with labeled membranes, and then use the technique of fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching (FRAP) to directly analyze the fluidity of the spore's inner membrane, because this technique has been used successfully in analyzing the fluidity and organization of molecules in a number of other systems, including spores of Bacillus species (20-25). MethodsStrains and Spore and Cell Preparation. The iosgenic Bacillus subtilis strains used in this work are derivatives of strain 168 and were: PS832, a prototrophic derivative of strain 168; PS3207, cwlD::cam, in which the cwlD gene responsible for production of muramic acid-␦-lactam in ...

show abstract

Membrane-bound phospholipase A1 purified from Escherichia coli

Cited by 214 publications

References 44 publications

Mode of action of a bacteriocin from Erwinia carotovora III. properties of phospholipase a of erwinia carotovora and its involvement in phospholipid degradation caused by carotovoricin.

Mode of action of a bacteriocin from Erwinia carotovora III. properties of phospholipase a of erwinia carotovora and its involvement in phospholipid degradation caused by carotovoricin.

Lateral Phase Separations in Membrane Lipids and the Mechanism of Sugar Transport in Escherichia coli

Lipids in the inner membrane of dormant spores of Bacillus species are largely immobile

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About