“…Unfortunately, the complex correlation among S , σ, and κ e via carrier concentration, as well as the interrelation between carrier mobility and lattice thermal conductivity via intrinsic and extrinsic microstructures, makes it difficult to improve the thermoelectric performance through tuning a single parameter independently. To date, various strategies including carrier concentration optimization, − valence band convergence, − introducing resonant levels, , energy filtering, and modulation doping , are proved to improve the power factor, while reduced lattice thermal conductivity can be achieved via introducing point defects, − planar defect, , nanoprecipitates, − lattice softening, − and all-scale hierarchical architectures. − …”