Meloidogyne graminicola—A Threat to Rice Production: Review Update on Distribution, Biology, Identification, and Management

Abstract

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the main cultivated crops worldwide and represents a staple food for more than half of the world population. Root-knot nematodes (RKNs), Meloidogyne spp., and particularly M. graminicola, are serious pests of rice, being, probably, the most economically important plant-parasitic nematode in this crop. M. graminicola is an obligate sedentary endoparasite adapted to flooded conditions. Until recently, M. graminicola was present mainly in irrigated rice fields in Asia, parts of the Americas, and South Africa. However, in July 2016, it was found in northern Italy in the Piedmont region and in May 2018 in the Lombardy region in the province of Pavia. Following the first detection in the EPPO region, this pest was included in the EPPO Alert List as its wide host range and ability to survive during long periods in environments with low oxygen content, represent a threat for rice production in the European Union. Considering the impact of this nematode on agriculture, a literature review focusing on M. graminicola distribution, biology, identification, and management was conducted.

Brown planthopper infestation on rice reduces plant susceptibility to Meloidogyne graminicola by reducing root sugar allocation

“…When BPH feeds on rice plants, it secretes gelling and watery saliva to suppress rice defence and establish salivary sheaths (Shangguan et al ., 2018; Rao et al ., 2019; Ji et al ., 2021). Meloidogyne graminicola , as a major soilborne pathogen of rice world‐wide, causes severe damage to rice (Rusinque et al ., 2021). It invades rice roots and establishes a feeding site (also named as giant cells) by secreting effectors into root tissues (Mantelin et al ., 2017; Niu et al ., 2022).…”

Cucurbitaceae COld Peeling Extracts (CCOPEs) Protect Plants From Root-Knot Nematode Infections Through Induced Resistance and Nematicidal Effects

“…As a result, Meloidogyne spp. can drastically affect growth, development and yield of the parasitized plant (Karssen et al, 2013;Mantelin et al, 2017;Rusinque et al, 2021). Correspondingly, root-knot nematodes are known to be highly damaging for both rice and tomato cultivation, being the fourth and tenth most cultivated crops worldwide, respectively (Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database [FAOSTAT], 2021).…”

Biocontrol potential of Pseudomonas rhodesiae GC-7 against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola through both antagonistic effects and induced plant resistance

“…Females remain in the galled roots, and laying eggs inside the root. On average, M. graminicola complete life cycle in about 19 to 27 days during the early summer, but the period can extend by 5 to 12 days ( Khan et al, 2021 ; Rusinque et al, 2021 ). M. graminicola is difficult to control because it has a short generation and high reproduction rate ( Jang et al, 2016 ).…”