Melatonin as a Potential Neuroprotectant: Mechanisms in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Induced Early Brain Injury

Abstract

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a common cerebrovascular disease with high mortality and disability rates. Despite progressive advances in drugs and surgical techniques, neurological dysfunction in surviving SAH patients have not improved significantly. Traditionally, vasospasm has been considered the main cause of death and disability following SAH, but anti-vasospasm therapy has not benefited clinical prognosis. Many studies have proposed that early brain injury (EBI) may be the primary factor influencing the prognosis of SAH. Melatonin is an indole hormone and is the main hormone secreted by the pineal gland, with low daytime secretion levels and high nighttime secretion levels. Melatonin produces a wide range of biological effects through the neuroimmune endocrine network, and participates in various physiological activities in the central nervous system, reproductive system, immune system, and digestive system. Numerous studies have reported that melatonin has extensive physiological and pharmacological effects such as anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, maintaining circadian rhythm, and regulating cellular and humoral immunity. In recent years, more and more studies have been conducted to explore the molecular mechanism underlying melatonin-induced neuroprotection. The studies suggest beneficial effects in the recovery of intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and meningitis through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. This review summarizes the recent studies on the application and mechanism of melatonin in SAH.

Subaraknoid Kanamaya Bağlı Parkinson Hastalığının Karanlık Bir Nedeni Olarak Subtalamik Çekirdek Dejenerasyonu: Deneysel Bir Ön Çalışma

“…It is well known that traumatic or spontaneous deep brain centers hematomas or ischemia can cause extrapyramidal sypmtoms. [1][2][3] It is very interesting that the subthalamic nucleus has not been adequately studied in subarachnoid hemorrhages. Anosmia and ageusia have been recognized as the earliest, most common, and most frequent non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, and all theories are based on this idea.…”

“…It has recently become clear that cerebral ischemic insults and subarachnoid hemorrhage should be considered as important etiological factors in the etiology of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. [1] It is well known that traumatic or spontaneous deep brain centers hematomas or ischemia can cause extrapyramidal sypmtoms. [2,3] Parkinson's disease is accompanied by neurodegeneration, neuronal loss, reactive gliosis and synuclein (Lewy bodies) accumulation occurs in the substantia nigra.…”

“…The obscure importance of cerebral ischemic injuries and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in the etiology of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease is increasingly being clarified. [1] It is now well known that the movement disorders seen in Parkinson's disease are caused by traumatic and spontaneous deep brain center hematomas. [2,3] From this top it is interesting that the subthalamic nucleus has not been adequately studied in subarachnoid hemorrhages.…”

Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Analyses Unveil the Mechanisms of Yiguanjian Decoction against Parkinson’s Disease from Inner/Outer Brain Perspective

“…Studies have shown that the regulation of the endocrine system also plays an important role in the treatment of PD, including sex hormones, insulin, and melatonin [69][70][71][72]. According to the docking results, it is speculated that YGJ-BBB may act on ERBB2, ESR1, ESR2, IGF1R, MAP2K1, and MAPK1 targets to intervene endocrine resistance.…”