Melasma pathogenesis: a review of the latest research, pathological findings, and investigational therapies

Rajanala, Susruthi; Maymone, Mayra Bc de Castro; Vashi, Neelam A.

doi:10.5070/d32510045810

Cited by 73 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…It can be induced through different mechanisms, which are heterogeneous in different individuals and ethnic groups [19]. Melasma is more common in women of reproductive age and in females with Fitzpatrick skin types III-IV, corresponding to European and North African Mediterranean populations [20].…”

Section: Key Pathways In Melasmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanogenesis and Melasma Treatment

Maddaleno

Camargo²,

Mitjans

et al. 2021

Cosmetics

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Melanocytes are highly specialised dendritic cells that transfer melanin to keratinocytes in subcellular lysosome-like organelles called melanosomes, where melanin is synthesised and stored. Melanin is a complex pigment that provides colour and photoprotection to the skin, hair, and eyes of mammals. The regulation of melanogenesis includes various mechanisms and factors including genetic, environmental, and endocrine factors. Knowledge of the pigmentation process is important not only to understand hyperpigmentation but also to design treatments and therapies to treat them. Whitening cosmetics with anti-melanogenesis activity are very popular. In the present manuscript, we review the mechanisms and the signalling pathways involved in skin pigmentation and we specifically focus on the alteration of melanogenesis that leads to melasma and results in hyperpigmentation. Finally, current therapies and treatments including topical, oral, and phototherapies are discussed and described, with a special emphasis on the cosmetics’ action.

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Section: Key Pathways In Melasmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanogenesis and Melasma Treatment

Maddaleno

Camargo²,

Mitjans

et al. 2021

Cosmetics

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“…It commonly occurs in middle-aged women. The etiology of melasma is complex, and related studies have shown that ultraviolet radiation, estrogen level, vascular hyperplasia and skin inflammation are inducing factors [1][2][3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy and Safety of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Melasma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Zhao

Xiao

et al. 2021

Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)

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Introduction: Melasma is a chronic and recurrent skin problem for which an effective therapy is currently lacking. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has recently emerged as a novel treatment for melasma, but to date there has been no systematic evaluation of its efficacy and safety. Methods: The Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for relevant articles using the search items ''melasma,'' ''chloasma'' and ''platelet-rich plasma.'' STATA version 15.1 software was used to analyze data. Study outcomes were calculated using standardized mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: The database search identified ten studies involving 395 adult patients that met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Analysis of pre-and post-treatment data from these studies revealed that the post-treatment modified Melasma Area and Severity Index (mMASI) score decreased by 1.18 (95% CI 0.89-1.47; p = 0.02). Subjective satisfaction evaluation of PRP treatment showed that melasma treated with the combination therapy of PRP ? microneedling may have been the most efficacious treatment compared to PRP alone or in combination with intradermal injection. Adverse reactions were minor, with only a few patients reporting local congestion, temporary erythema, hyperpigmentation and discoloration. Conclusion: These results support the efficacy and safety of PRP used in combination or alone as treatment for melasma.

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“…Melasma is an acquired disorder of hyperpigmentation that typically presents as irregular pigmented spot on the sun-exposed areas of skin, especially on the face and neck. 1 Its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. The triggers for melasma are diverse, including inheritance, ultraviolet light, inflammation, oxidative stress, disruption of the skin barrier, angiogenesis and estrogen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The triggers for melasma are diverse, including inheritance, ultraviolet light, inflammation, oxidative stress, disruption of the skin barrier, angiogenesis and estrogen. 1 The prevention of sunlight and hyperpigmentation is the therapeutic goal of melasma, but melasma is intractable and readily recurrent currently. 1,2 Despite available multimodal treatments, which include various topical agents, systemic agents, and laser therapy, treatment outcomes have been disappointing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 The prevention of sunlight and hyperpigmentation is the therapeutic goal of melasma, but melasma is intractable and readily recurrent currently. 1,2 Despite available multimodal treatments, which include various topical agents, systemic agents, and laser therapy, treatment outcomes have been disappointing. To this date, no single therapeutic approach has been proved entirely effective.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Application of Skin Care Product in Melasma Treatment

Wang¹,

Zhao²,

Jiang³

et al. 2021

CCID

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Melasma is an acquired and chronic hyperpigmentation disorder which is recognized as one of the most psychologically distressing and difficult to cure forms of skin hyperpigmentation. It is associated with substantial quality of life impairments. Treatments of melasma include local application, oral medication, physical laser therapy and program combination therapy. However, routine treatment usually leads to the damage of skin barrier function, resulting in adverse reactions such as erythema, pruritus, post-inflammatory pigmentation and even scar. Skin care products contain a variety of active ingredients, which are widely concerned by cosmetic dermatologists because of high safety, good tolerance and the effect of improving the damaged skin barrier. Using skin care products alone or in combination with routine treatment not only can improve the curative effect for melasma, reduce side effects and recurrence rate, but also improve patient satisfaction. This article mainly describes the application of skin care products in the treatment of melasma.

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Melasma pathogenesis: a review of the latest research, pathological findings, and investigational therapies

Cited by 73 publications

References 25 publications

Melanogenesis and Melasma Treatment

Melanogenesis and Melasma Treatment

Efficacy and Safety of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Melasma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The Application of Skin Care Product in Melasma Treatment

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