Melanin Pigments of Fungi

Belozerskaya, T. A.; Гесслер, Н. Н.; Aver’yanov, Andrey A.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25001-4_29

Cited by 57 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 129 publications

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“…Some fungi can produce the black pigment eumelanin via a dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) dependent pathway, in which tyrosinases or laccases hydroxylate tyrosine via DOPA to produce dopaquinone, which auto-oxidizes and polymerizes to form eumelanin. Fungi that can produce eumelanins include Neurospora crassa , Podospora anserina , A. nidulans , A. oryzae and the pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans [122]. Another type of fungal melanin, pyomelanin, is produced from L-tyrosine through 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and homogentisic acid [67, 120, 122].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fungi that can produce eumelanins include Neurospora crassa , Podospora anserina , A. nidulans , A. oryzae and the pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans [122]. Another type of fungal melanin, pyomelanin, is produced from L-tyrosine through 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and homogentisic acid [67, 120, 122]. A. fumigatus , Madurella mycetomatis and Yarrowia lipolytica are examples of fungi that can produce this type of pigment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genomes and secretomes of Ascomycota fungi reveal diverse functions in plant biomass decomposition and pathogenesis

et al. 2019

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BackgroundThe dominant fungi in arid grasslands and shrublands are members of the Ascomycota phylum. Ascomycota fungi are important drivers in carbon and nitrogen cycling in arid ecosystems. These fungi play roles in soil stability, plant biomass decomposition, and endophytic interactions with plants. They may also form symbiotic associations with biocrust components or be latent saprotrophs or pathogens that live on plant tissues. However, their functional potential in arid soils, where organic matter, nutrients and water are very low or only periodically available, is poorly characterized.ResultsFive Ascomycota fungi were isolated from different soil crust microhabitats and rhizosphere soils around the native bunchgrass Pleuraphis jamesii in an arid grassland near Moab, UT, USA. Putative genera were Coniochaeta, isolated from lichen biocrust, Embellisia from cyanobacteria biocrust, Chaetomium from below lichen biocrust, Phoma from a moss microhabitat, and Aspergillus from the soil. The fungi were grown in replicate cultures on different carbon sources (chitin, native bunchgrass or pine wood) relevant to plant biomass and soil carbon sources. Secretomes produced by the fungi on each substrate were characterized. Results demonstrate that these fungi likely interact with primary producers (biocrust or plants) by secreting a wide range of proteins that facilitate symbiotic associations. Each of the fungal isolates secreted enzymes that degrade plant biomass, small secreted effector proteins, and proteins involved in either beneficial plant interactions or virulence. Aspergillus and Phoma expressed more plant biomass degrading enzymes when grown in grass- and pine-containing cultures than in chitin. Coniochaeta and Embellisia expressed similar numbers of these enzymes under all conditions, while Chaetomium secreted more of these enzymes in grass-containing cultures.ConclusionsThis study of Ascomycota genomes and secretomes provides important insights about the lifestyles and the roles that Ascomycota fungi likely play in arid grassland, ecosystems. However, the exact nature of those interactions, whether any or all of the isolates are true endophytes, latent saprotrophs or opportunistic phytopathogens, will be the topic of future studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomes and secretomes of Ascomycota fungi reveal diverse functions in plant biomass decomposition and pathogenesis

et al. 2019

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“…Most ascomycetes synthetize melanin through polyketide pathway, using 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (1,8-DHN) as precursor. Conversely, basidiomycetes and other imperfect fungi use alternative pathways, generally using L-3,4-dihyroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) as a precursor in a pathway which resembles mammalian melanin biosynthesis [2,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Extraction to Advanced Analytical Methods: The Challenges of Melanin Analysis

Pralea

Moldovan

Petrache

et al. 2019

IJMS

172

193

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The generic term “melanin“ describes a black pigment of biological origin, although some melanins can be brown or even yellow. The pigment is characterized as a heterogenic polymer of phenolic or indolic nature, and the classification of eu-, pheo- and allo- melanin is broadly accepted. This classification is based on the chemical composition of the monomer subunit structure of the pigment. Due to the high heterogeneity of melanins, their analytical characterization can be a challenging task. In the present work, we synthesized the current information about the analytical methods which can be applied in melanin analysis workflow, from extraction and purification to high-throughput methods, such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass-spectrometry or pyrolysis gas chromatography. Our thorough comparative evaluation of analytical data published so far on melanin analysis has proven to be a difficult task in terms of finding equivalent results, even when the same matrix was used. Moreover, we emphasize the importance of prior knowledge of melanin types and properties in order to select a valid experimental design using analytical methods that are able to deliver reliable results and draw consistent conclusions.

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“…More notably, overexpression of four PKS clusters (PKS11, PKS16, PKS23, and PKS31) that were positively regulated by VmLaeA led to obvious accumulation of pigments and the core enzymes of these four clusters were all identified as conidial yellow pigment biosynthesis polyketide synthases. Conidial pigmentation provides protection against desiccation, ultraviolet light, ionizing radiation, and oxidative stress and contributes to survival of fungi (Belozerskaya et al, 2017;Chang et al, 2020). Controlling conidial pigment biosynthesis could be a way that VmLaeA help V. mali cope with harsh environments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LaeA Controls Virulence and Secondary Metabolism in Apple Canker Pathogen Valsa mali

Feng

Yin

et al. 2020

Front. Microbiol.

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Apple Valsa canker is a destructive disease caused by the ascomycete Valsa mali and poses a serious threat to apple production. Toxins synthesized by secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (SMBGCs) have been proven to be crucial for pathogen virulence. A previous study showed that V. mali genome contains remarkably expanded SMBGCs and some of their genes were significantly upregulated during infection. In this study, we focus on LaeA, a known regulator of secondary metabolism, for its role in SMBGC regulation, toxin production, and virulence of V. mali. Deletion of VmLaeA led to greatly reduced virulence with lesion length reduced by 48% on apple twigs. Toxicity tests proved that toxicity of secondary metabolites (SMs) produced by VmLaeA deletion mutant (VmlaeA) was markedly decreased in comparison with wildtype (WT). Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of WT and VmlaeA indicated that a portion of transporters and about half (31/60) SMBGCs are regulated by VmLaeA. Function analysis of eight gene clusters including PKS7, PKS11, NRPS14, PKS16, PKS23, PKS31, NRPS/PKS33, and PKS39 that were differentially expressed at both transcriptional and translational levels showed that four of them (i.e., PKS11, PKS16, PKS23, and PKS31) were involved in pigment production and NRPS14 contributed to virulence. Our findings will provide new insights and gene resources for understanding the role of pathogenicity-related toxins in V. mali.

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Melanin Pigments of Fungi

Cited by 57 publications

References 129 publications

Genomes and secretomes of Ascomycota fungi reveal diverse functions in plant biomass decomposition and pathogenesis

Genomes and secretomes of Ascomycota fungi reveal diverse functions in plant biomass decomposition and pathogenesis

From Extraction to Advanced Analytical Methods: The Challenges of Melanin Analysis

LaeA Controls Virulence and Secondary Metabolism in Apple Canker Pathogen Valsa mali

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