Melanin as a virulence factor of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and other dimorphic pathogenic fungi: a minireview

Taborda, Carlos Pelleschi; Silva, Marcelo Barreto da; Nosanchuk, Joshua D.; Travassos, Luiz R.

doi:10.1007/s11046-007-9061-4

Cited by 128 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(98 reference statements)

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“…Numerosos estudios han demostrado que la función de los melanocitos no sólo comprende la protección del daño por radiación UV, sino que además, actúan como células inmunes que reconocen estructuras conservadas presentes en los microorganismos, llamadas PAMPs (pathogenassociated molecular patterns); es así como en algunos estudios se ha descrito que la melanina, sintetizada en los melanocitos, presenta actividad antimicrobiana y que los melanocitos al ser expuestos a PAMPs incrementan la sín-tesis de melanina, por lo que el proceso de melanización podría ser importante como mecanismo protector de la respuesta inmune innata 15. Aunque la melanina es producida por hongos pató-genos y se considera un factor de virulencia 16,17 , también presenta actividad antimicrobiana 1,8 . Existen diversos …”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Actividad antifúngica de melanina en cepas clínicas de Candida spp

Fuentes

Hernández

Gordillo

et al. 2014

Rev. chil. infectol.

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Section: Discussionunclassified

Actividad antifúngica de melanina en cepas clínicas de Candida spp

Fuentes

Hernández

Gordillo

et al. 2014

Rev. chil. infectol.

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“…Melanin can confer protection against extracellular redox buffering via the exporting of electrons, and this antioxidant function has been observed in C. neoformans (16,38,55), A. niger (22,23), E. dermatitidis (17,50), S. schenckii (44), and A. fumigatus (18,59). Melanin can also impact host-fungal cell interactions, since melanized cells are more resistant to phagocytosis than nonmelanized cells in P. brasiliensis (9,51) and other fungi (19,44,54). The pigment can enhance antifungal resistance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Antibodies against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Melanin inIn VitroandIn VivoStudies during Infection

Urán

Nosanchuk

Restrepo

et al. 2011

Clin. Vaccine Immunol.

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Several cell wall constituents, including melanins or melanin-like compounds, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of microbial diseases caused by diverse species of pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and helminthes. Among these microorganisms, the dimorphic fungal pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis produces melanin in its conidial and yeast forms. In the present study, melanin particles from P. brasiliensis were injected into BALB/c mice in order to produce monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). We identified five immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) -chain and four IgM melanin-binding MAbs. The five IgG1 -chain isotypes are the first melanin-binding IgG MAbs ever reported. The nine MAbs labeled P. brasiliensis conidia and yeast cells both in vitro and in pulmonary tissues. The MAbs cross-reacted with melanin-like purified particles from other fungi and also with commercial melanins, such as synthetic and Sepia officinalis melanin. Melanization during paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) was also further supported by the detection of IgG antibodies reactive to melanin from P. brasiliensis conidia and yeast in sera and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from P. brasiliensisinfected mice, as well as in sera from human patients with PCM. Serum specimens from patients with other mycoses were also tested for melanin-binding antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and crossreactivities were detected for melanin particles from different fungal sources. These results suggest that melanin from P. brasiliensis is an immunologically active fungal structure that activates a strong IgG humoral response in humans and mice.

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“…Because melanin has been associated with protection against extreme temperatures as well as fungicide resistance (Butler and Day, 1998;Nosanchuk and Casadevall, 2006;Taborda et al, 2008), we investigated pleiotropy among the growth rate traits, TS and melanization (11 dpi), and also looked for evidence of pleiotropic effects among temperature and fungicide sensitivity. This analysis was conducted by overlapping full SIM genome scans and using linear regression among the traits based on a general linear model in R with Pearson's correlation coefficient.…”

Section: Qtl Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

QTL mapping of temperature sensitivity reveals candidate genes for thermal adaptation and growth morphology in the plant pathogenic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici

et al. 2016

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Different thermal environments impose strong, differential selection on populations, leading to local adaptation, but the genetic basis of thermal adaptation is poorly understood. We used quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici to study the genetic architecture of thermal adaptation and identify candidate genes. Four wild-type strains originating from the same thermal environment were crossed to generate two mapping populations with 263 (cross 1) and 261 (cross 2) progeny. Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing was used to genotype 9745 (cross 1) and 7333 (cross 2) singlenucleotide polymorphism markers segregating within the mapping population. Temperature sensitivity was assessed using digital image analysis of colonies growing at two different temperatures. We identified four QTLs for temperature sensitivity, with unique QTLs found in each cross. One QTL had a logarithm of odds score 411 and contained only six candidate genes, including PBS2, encoding a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase associated with low temperature tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This and other QTLs showed evidence for pleiotropy among growth rate, melanization and growth morphology, suggesting that many traits can be correlated with thermal adaptation in fungi. Higher temperatures were highly correlated with a shift to filamentous growth among the progeny in both crosses. We show that thermal adaptation has a complex genetic architecture, with natural populations of Z. tritici harboring significant genetic variation for this trait. We conclude that Z. tritici populations have the potential to adapt rapidly to climate change and expand into new climatic zones.

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Melanin as a virulence factor of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and other dimorphic pathogenic fungi: a minireview

Cited by 128 publications

References 70 publications

Actividad antifúngica de melanina en cepas clínicas de Candida spp

Actividad antifúngica de melanina en cepas clínicas de Candida spp

Detection of Antibodies against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Melanin inIn VitroandIn VivoStudies during Infection

QTL mapping of temperature sensitivity reveals candidate genes for thermal adaptation and growth morphology in the plant pathogenic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici

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