Meiosis in the grasshopper

Church, Kathleen

doi:10.1038/hdy.1974.19

Heredity

1974

DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1974.19

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Meiosis in the grasshopper

Kathleen Church

Abstract: SUMMARYThe effect of high temperature on chiasma formation during oogenesis has been studied in the grasshopper Melanoplus femur-rubrum. Prolonged heat treatment (400 C.) during mid-prophase of meiosis causes a reduction in the mean chiasma frequency per cell. Only those bivalents in which more than one chiasma occurs are affected by the heat. The pattern of chiasma frequency response to heat is similar to that which occurs in males of the same species.

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Cited by 4 publications

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Chiasma frequencies and distributions in gomphocerine grasshoppers: a comparative study between sexes

Cano

Santos

1990

Heredity

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Chiasma frequencies and distributions in gomphocerine grasshoppers: a comparative study between sexes Frequency and position of chiasmata at metaphase I were studied in spermatocytes and oocytes from six species of gomphocerine grasshoppers (2nf = 16+ XO; 2n = 16+ XX), namely: Omocestus panteli, Euchorthippus pulvinatus, Euchorthippus chopardi, Chorthippus vagans, Chorthippus parallelus and Chorthippus jucundus. In the latter species mean cell chiasma frequency was similar in both sexes. However in the remainder chiasma frequencies were higher in males than in females. Within each species different bivalents are responsible for the sex chiasma differences that can be interpreted as a relatively simple bivalent based system of chiasma control. Chiasmata were non-localised in both sexes of all species analysed but females showed altered chiasma distributions compared with males, with fewer proximal chiasmata and more interstitial and distal chiasmata.

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Chiasma frequencies and distributions in gomphocerine grasshoppers: a comparative study between sexes

Cano

Santos

1990

Heredity

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Sex differences in recombination

Burt

Bell

Harvey

1991

J of Evolutionary Biology

147

154

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One of the stronger empirical generalizations to emerge from the study of genetic systems is that achiasmate meiosis, which has evolved 25-30 times, is always restricted to the heterogametic sex in dioecious species. usually the male. Here we collate data on quantitative sex differences in chiasma frequency from 54 species (4 hermaphroditic flatworms, 18 dioecious insects and vertebrates and 32 hermaphroditic plants) to test whether similar trends hold. Though significant sex differences have been observed within many species, only the Liliaceae show a significant sexual dimorphism in chiasma frequency across species, with more crossing over in embryo mother cells than in pollen mother cells; chiasma frequencies are unrelated to sex and gamety in all other higher taxa studied. Further, the magnitude of sexual dimorphism. independent of sign, does not differ among the three main ecological groups (dioecious animals, plants, and hermaphroditic animals), contrary to what would be expected if it reflected sex-specific selection on recombination. These results indicate that the strong trends for achiasmate meiosis do not apply to quantitative sex differences in recombination, and contradict theories of sex-specific costs and benefits. An alternative hypothesis suggests that sex differences may be more-or-less neutral, selection determining only the mean rate of recombination. While male and female chiasma frequencies are more similar than would be expected under complete neutrality. a less absolute form of the hypothesis is more difficult to falsify. In female mice the sex bivalent has more chiasmata for its length than the autosomes, perhaps compensating for the absence of recombination in males. Finally, we observe that chiasma frequencies in males and females are positively correlated across species, validating the use of only one sex in comparative studies of recombination. 260Burt et al.

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The different mechanisms of sporophytic self–incompatibility

Hiscock

Tabah

2003

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

120

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Flowering plants have evolved a multitude of mechanisms to avoid self-fertilization and promote outbreeding. Self-incompatibility (SI) is by far the most common of these, and is found in ca. 60% of flowering plants. SI is a genetically controlled pollen-pistil recognition system that provides a barrier to fertilization by self and self-related pollen in hermaphrodite (usually co-sexual) flowering plants. Two genetically distinct forms of SI can be recognized: gametophytic SI (GSI) and sporophytic SI (SSI), distinguished by how the incompatibility phenotype of the pollen is determined. GSI appears to be the most common mode of SI and can operate through at least three different mechanisms, two of which have been characterized extensively at a molecular level in the Solanaceae and Papaveraceae. Because molecular studies of SSI have been largely confined to species from the Brassicaceae, predominantly Brassica species, it is not yet known whether SSI, like GSI, can operate through different molecular mechanisms. Molecular studies of SSI are now being carried out on Ipomoea trifida (Convolvulaceae) and Senecio squalidus (Asteraceae) and are providing important preliminary data suggesting that SSI in these two families does not share the same molecular mechanism as that of the Brassicaceae. Here, what is currently known about the molecular regulation of SSI in the Brassicaceae is briefly reviewed, and the emerging data on SSI in I. trifida, and more especially in S. squalidus, are discussed.

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Meiosis in the grasshopper

Cited by 4 publications

References 6 publications

Chiasma frequencies and distributions in gomphocerine grasshoppers: a comparative study between sexes

Chiasma frequencies and distributions in gomphocerine grasshoppers: a comparative study between sexes

Sex differences in recombination

The different mechanisms of sporophytic self–incompatibility

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