Meibomian gland disease and the microbiotome: is it time for ocular probiotics?

Watson, Stephanie

doi:10.1111/ceo.12901

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 11 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…Although there are many approaches to alleviate the symptoms of dry eye, there is no cure, and ongoing management is typically required [179]. In a survey of patients treated for dry eye, only 44% reported improvement, 19% had visual symptoms, and 24% experienced worsening ocular surface symptoms [180]. Utilising an understanding of the gut-eye axis with dietary modification as an additional tool to treat dry eye is potentially important [181].…”

Section: The Gut-eye Axis and The Treatment Of Dedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of dietary imbalances of micro- and macronutrients on the ocular microbiome and its implications in dry eye disease

Pilkington,

Lloyd,

Guo

et al. 2024

Exploration of Medicine

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Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex and multifactorial ocular surface disease affecting a large proportion of the population. There is emerging evidence of the impact of the microbiomes of the ocular surface and gut on the symptoms of DED, with many parallels being drawn to inflammatory diseases of other organ systems. A key factor involved in the promotion of healthy microbiomes, and which has been associated with ocular surface disease, is micro- and macronutrient deficiency. A comprehensive review of how these deficiencies can contribute to DED is absent from the literature. This review reports the composition of healthy ocular and gut microbiomes, and how nutrient deficiencies may impact these floral populations, with linkage to the subsequent impact on ocular health. The review highlights that vitamin B1 and iron are linked to reduced levels of butyrate, a fatty acid implicated in inflammatory conditions such as ulcerative colitis which itself is a condition known to be associated with ocular surface diseases. Vitamin B12 has been shown to have a role in maintaining gut microbial eubiosis and has been linked to the severity of dry eye symptoms. Similar beneficial effects of gut microbial eubiosis were noted with vitamin A and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Selenium and calcium have complex interactions with the gut microbiome and have both been implicated in the development of thyroid orbitopathy. Further, diabetes mellitus is associated with ocular surface diseases and changes in the ocular microbiome. A better understanding of how changes in both the gut and eye microbiome impact DED could allow for an improved understanding of DED pathophysiology and the development of new, effective treatment strategies.

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Section: The Gut-eye Axis and The Treatment Of Dedmentioning

confidence: 99%