Megaphylogenetic Specimen-level Approaches to the <I>Carex</I> (Cyperaceae) Phylogeny Using ITS, ETS, and <I>matK</I> Sequences: Implications for Classification

Abstract

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Vicariance versus dispersal across Beringian land bridges to explain circumpolar distribution: A case study in plants with high dispersal potential

“…Carex section Glareosae, comprised of 26 species and two subspecies (Maguilla & Escudero, 2016;Maguilla et al, 2015) with a mainly circumboreal distribution (Figure 1; Egorova, 1999;Toivonen, 2002), is a good model for this study for many reasons: (1) different distribution patterns, from widely distributed species to narrow endemics (Egorova, 1999;Maguilla et al, 2015;Toivonen, 2002) as well as species with unusual distribution patterns such as bipolar or amphitropical (C. canescens L. and C. lachenalii Schkuhr, respectively; Moore & Chater, 1971;Vollan et al, 2006); (2) high sensitivity to climate change due to the arctic distribution of species (Figure 1; Maguilla et al, 2015); (3) enough molecular information to get a well-supported phylogeny reflecting a strong phylogenetic hypothesis for our study group (Global Carex Group, 2015, 2016Maguilla et al, 2015) and (4) accurate and reliable knowledge of species distribution through modern flora treatments (Egorova, 1999;Toivonen, 2002). Despite the absence of specific syndromes for long-distance dispersal in Carex propagules (Escudero, Valcarcel, Vargas, & Luceño, 2008), long-distance dispersal ability in this genus has been F I G U R E 1 Occurrence of species within Carex section Glareosae G. Don (Cyperaceae) following Govaerts et al (2007) using "Botanical countries" as per Brummitt (2001).…”

Molecular and morphological data resurrect the long neglected <em>Carex laxula</em> (Cyperaceae) and expand its range in the western Mediterranean

“…The Navarran individuals of C. sylvatica subsp. sylvatica display larger morphological variation than expected for the taxon (Global Carex Group, 2016). The detailed examination of these samples reveals that they show characters, such as a smooth upper side and margins of leaves, and the presence of only a few sparse prickles at the utricle beak, that match those detected in other studied samples of C. sylvatica subsp.…”

“…The simplest models of nucleotide evolution that best fit the data for each studied DNA region were HKY for 5'trnK, HKY+I for ITS1 and ITS2, and JC for 5.8S region. Characters corresponding to coded indels were analysed Egorova (1999), Luceño (2011), and, modified after the results of this study and Global Carex Group (2016). Synonyms at species level follow Govaerts & al.…”

Cyperaceae in Mexico: Diversity and distribution

“…Refining of the database involved nomenclatural updating, detection of synonyms, review of doubtful names and exclusion from the Mexican flora of names of taxa whose presence in the country has not been corroborated. The classification at the subfamily and tribe levels follows Muasya et al (2009a, b) and the circumscription of genera follows Dorr (2014), Larridon et al (2011Larridon et al ( , 2013Larridon et al ( , 2014, Bauters et al (2014), and The Global Carex Group (2015Group ( , 2016. To verify the names of species and authors, the web sites Tropicos (www.tropicos.org) and The International Plant Names Index (www.ipni.org) were used.…”