Meeting the fetal requirement for polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy

Haggarty, Paul

doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000036

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 50 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…DHA as well as ARA were higher as compared to maternal levels in both NBW and LBW group. There are several mechanisms in the placenta involving the action of lipases and fatty acid binding proteins for the preferential transfer of the critical LCPUFA to the fetal circulation [ 41 ]. This phenomenon is well known as biomagnification, where the fetus increases the LCPUFA percentage in fetal blood in order to support central nervous system development [ 42 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Fatty Acids and Their Association with Birth Outcome: A Prospective Study

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Maternal nutrition, especially LCPUFA, is an important factor in determining fetal growth and development. Our earlier cross sectional study reports lower docosahexanoic acid (DHA) levels at the time of delivery in mothers delivering low birth weight (LBW) babies. This study was undertaken to examine the role of the maternal omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid profile across the gestation in fetal growth. This is a hospital based study where women were recruited in early gestation. Maternal blood was collected at 3 time points, i.e., T1 = 16th–20th week, T2 = 26th–30th week and T3 = at delivery. Cord blood was collected at delivery. At delivery, these women were divided into 2 groups: those delivering at term a baby weighing >2.5kg [Normal birth weight (NBW) group] and those delivering at term a baby weighing <2.5kg [LBW group]. The study reports data on 111 women recruited at T1, out of which 60 women delivered an NBW baby at term and 51 women delivered an LBW baby at term. Fatty acids were analysed using gas chromatography. At T1 of gestation, maternal erythrocyte DHA levels were positively (p<0.05) associated with baby weight. Maternal plasma and erythrocyte arachidonic acid and total erythrocyte omega-6 fatty acid levels at T2 were higher (p<0.05 for both) in the LBW group. Total erythrocyte omega-3 fatty acid levels were lower (p<0.05) while total erythrocyte omega-6 fatty acid levels were higher (p<0.05) in the LBW group at delivery. Our data demonstrates the possible role of LCPUFA in the etiology of LBW babies right from early pregnancy.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Fatty Acids and Their Association with Birth Outcome: A Prospective Study

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It has been suggested that total fat requirements as a proportion of energy intake during pregnancy should not be increased compared to non-pregnant women, as they can be met by small increases in consumption of a balanced diet (United States National Research Council 2005). There is debate as to whether the pre-formed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) should be considered as conditionally essential in pregnancy, and whether the normal dietary supply of essential fatty acids, specifically linoleic and α-linolenic acid are sufficient for optimal fetal development and long term health (Haggarty 2014). Current literature has examined the lack of maternal dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), particularly during late pregnancy (Haggarty 2004), and the mobilisation of maternal adipose tissue, but not the intestinal transport of fatty acids.…”

Section: Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient availability, the microbiome, and intestinal transport during pregnancy

Astbury

Mostyn

Symonds

et al. 2015

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Adequate adaptation of the gastrointestinal tract is important during pregnancy to ensure that the increased metabolic demands by the developing fetus are met. These include changes in surface area mediated by villus hypertrophy and enhanced functional capacity of individual nutrient receptors, including those transporting glucose, fructose, leucine, and calcium. These processes are regulated either by the enhanced nutrient demand or are facilitated by changes in the secretion of pregnancy hormones. Our review also covers recent research into the microbiome, and how pregnancy could lead to microbial adaptations, which are beneficial to the mother, yet are also similar to those seen in the metabolic syndrome. The potential role of diet in modulating the microbiome during pregnancy, as well as the potential for the intestinal microbiota to induce pregnancy complications, are examined. Gaps in the current literature are highlighted, including those where only historical evidence is available, and we suggest areas that should be a priority for further research. In summary, although a significant degree of adaptation has been described, there are both well-established processes and more recent discoveries, such as changes within the maternal microbiome, that pose new questions as to how the gastrointestinal tract effectively adapts to pregnancy, especially in conjunction with maternal obesity.

show abstract

“…Pregnancy, a state of rapid tissue accretion, is accompanied by changes in energy and nutrient requirements (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). Increased tissue accretion from the fetus, placenta, uterine, and breast tissues paired with expansion of blood and extracellular fluid volume require increased nutrient supply.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary phenylalanine requirements during early and late gestation in healthy pregnant women

Ennis

Rasmussen

Lim

et al. 2020

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Phenylalanine is an indispensable amino acid and, via tyrosine, is the precursor for the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Currently, dietary requirements for phenylalanine during pregnancy are unknown. Objectives This study's aim was to determine phenylalanine requirements (in the presence of excess tyrosine) during early and late gestation using direct amino acid oxidation (DAAO; with l-[1-13C]phenylalanine) and indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO; with l-[1-13C]leucine). Methods Twenty-three healthy women (age: 30.4 ± 3.1 y, mean ± SD) were studied at a range of phenylalanine intakes (5.5–30.5 mg · kg−1 · d−1 in early and late pregnancy using DAAO, and 2.5–30.5 mg · kg−1 · d−1 in late pregnancy using IAAO) for a total of 76 study days. Test intakes were provided as 8 isocaloric and isonitrogenous meals with 1.5 g · kg−1 · d−1 protein and energy at 1.7 times the measured resting energy expenditure. Breath samples were analyzed on an isotope ratio mass spectrometer for 13C enrichment. Phenylalanine requirement was determined using a 2-phase linear regression crossover model to identify a breakpoint in 13CO2 production (representing the mean requirement) in response to phenylalanine intakes. Results Phenylalanine requirement during early pregnancy was determined to be 15 mg · kg−1 · d−1 (95% CI: 10.4, 19.9 mg · kg−1 · d−1); during late pregnancy, it was determined to be 21 mg · kg−1 · d−1 by DAAO (95% CI: 17.4, 24.7 mg · kg−1 · d−1) and IAAO (95% CI: 10.5, 32.2 mg · kg−1 · d−1). Conclusions Our results suggest a higher requirement (40%) for phenylalanine during late pregnancy than during early pregnancy. Moreover, the early pregnancy requirements are higher than the previous adult male requirement (9.1 mg · kg−1 · d−1; 95% CI: 4.6, 13.6 mg · kg−1 · d−1), although the 95% CIs overlap. Both DAAO and IAAO methods provided similar breakpoints in late pregnancy, showing that the DAAO method was appropriate even though low phenylalanine intakes could not be tested. These results have potential implications for gestation stage–specific dietary phenylalanine recommendations in future. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02669381.

show abstract

Meeting the fetal requirement for polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy

Cited by 17 publications

References 50 publications

Maternal Fatty Acids and Their Association with Birth Outcome: A Prospective Study

Maternal Fatty Acids and Their Association with Birth Outcome: A Prospective Study

Nutrient availability, the microbiome, and intestinal transport during pregnancy

Dietary phenylalanine requirements during early and late gestation in healthy pregnant women

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About