“…In this study, the PBL approach adopted refl ected the following characteristics: The learning was driven by open-ended, ill-structured, authentic problems (Evenson & Hmelo, 2000;Gallagher, 1997;Wilkerson & Gijselaers, 1996); students worked in groups (Barrows, 1996;Hmelo, 1998); learning was student directed and facilitated by the teacher (Barrows, 1986); an emphasis was placed on the development of content knowledge (van Gessel, Nendaz, Vermeulen, Junod, & Vu, 2003); and the development of communication, problemsolving, and decision-making skills (Johnson & Tinning, 2001) was promoted.…”