Medium-vessel and large-vessel vasculitis in children

Abstract

Purpose of review This article serves as an up-to-date examination of the latest findings in the field of paediatric large-vessel and medium-vessel vasculitis. Recent findings Over the last 2 years and in the wake of SARS-CoV2 pandemic, a multitude of studies have increased our insight into these conditions. Although large-vessel and medium-vessel vasculitis are uncommon amongst children, they are a complex and multisystem with a constantly evolving landscape. Increasing numbers of reports from low-income and middle-income countries are shaping our understanding of the epidemiology of vasculitis in children. The influence of infectious disease and the microbiome are of particular interest in unravelling pathogenetic aspects. Improved understanding of the genetics and immunology offer opportunities for better diagnostic options and biomarkers of disease as well as targeted therapies. Summary In this review, we address recent findings in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical findings, bio-markers, imaging and treatment that have the potential to offer better management solutions for these uncommon conditions.