Medium-high frequency ultrasound and ozone based advanced oxidation for amoxicillin removal in water

Abstract

In this study, treatment of an antibiotic compound amoxicillin by medium-high frequency ultrasonic irradiation and/or ozonation has been studied. Ultrasonic irradiation process was carried out in a batch reactor for aqueous amoxicillin solutions at three different frequencies (575, 861 and 1141kHz). The applied ultrasonic power was 75W and the diffused power was calculated as 14.6W/L. The highest removal was achieved at 575kHz ultrasonic frequency (>99%) with the highest pseudo first order reaction rate constant 0.04min at pH 10 but the mineralization achieved was around 10%. Presence of alkalinity and humic acid species had negative effect on the removal efficiency (50% decrease). To improve the poor outcomes, ozonation had been applied with or without ultrasound. Ozone removed the amoxicillin at a rate 50 times faster than ultrasound. Moreover, due to the synergistic effect, coupling of ozone and ultrasound gave rise to rate constant of 2.5min (625 times higher than ultrasound). In the processes where ozone was used, humic acid did not show any significant effect because the rate constant was so high that ozone has easily overcome the scavenging effects of natural water constituents. Furthermore, the intermediate compounds, after the incomplete oxidation mechanisms, has been analyzed to reveal the possible degradation pathways of amoxicillin through ultrasonic irradiation and ozonation applications. The outcomes of the intermediate compounds experiments and the toxicity was investigated to give a clear explanation about the safety of the resulting solution. The relevance of all the results concluded that hybrid advanced oxidation system was the best option for amoxicillin removal.

Photocatalitic Degradation of Sinvastatin, Amoxicillin and Fluoxetin Using TiO2 Immobilized in Cellulose Acetate

“…Para os três fármacos estudados percebese o aparecimento de novos picos no cromatograma em tempos menores de retenção, isso deve-se a formação de possíveis espécies intermediárias da reação, que são formadas e, posteriormente degradadas no decorrer do processo fotocatalítico. 54,55 Considerando as modificações na altura da curva principal de cada cromatograma obtido obteve-se os resultados das degradações dos fármacos que se encontram na Tabela 3. ) na presença de 6 g de TiO 2 /AC assistido sob radiação ultravioleta (UV) em pH 4,0 …”

A Review on Ultrasonic Catalytic Microbubbles Ozonation Processes: Properties, Hydroxyl Radicals Generation Pathway and Potential in Application

“…The application of ultrasound in AOPs for enhancing the mass transfer efficiency and/or chemical reactions is defined as "sonochemistry" [68,69]. Sonochemistry is always performed accompanied by acoustic cavitation [70,71], which refers to the process of cavitation in bubbles formation, growth, and collapse [69,72]. It could be explained by the hot spot theory that when ultrasound applied in liquid phase, vibrations of molecules due to ultrasonic energy would result in a decreasing liquid static pressure, and cavitation bubbles arise until liquid pressure below the vapor pressure abruptly [59,69].…”

“…It should be emphasized that the shrinkage rate of cavitation bubbles is extremely quick than microbubbles [25]. The implosion of cavitation bubbles leading to an enormous concentration of energy conversion from liquid motion (kinetic energy) into bubble content (heating energy), resulting in a "hot spot", where 5200 K in bubble gas phase and 1900 K in gas-liquid interface [73][74][75], followed by an extraordinary rapid cooling immediately, which allows for both chemical and physical effects [70,[76][77][78][79][80]:…”

Su Kaynaklarındaki İlaç Kalıntılarının İleri Oksidasyon Yöntemleri ile Arıtılabilirliğinin İncelenmesi

“…Ancak mineralizasyonda yine çok etkili sonuçlar alınamamıştır. Ayrıca yapılan toksisite testlerinde ultrases/O3 kombinasyonunun başlangıç bileşiğe göre %70'e yakın daha az toksik ürünler meydana getirdiği belirtilmiştir [41]. Bir antibiyotik hammaddesi olan oxacillin mikrokirleticisinin 275 kHz ultrasonik ekipman kullanılarak parçalanmasının incelendiği bir çalışmada hedef kirleticinin belirtilen reaksiyon süresinde ortamdan tamamen uzaklaştırıldığı ama uzun bir reaksiyon süresine (360 dak) rağmen mineralizasyonun tam gerçekleşmediği gözlemlenmiştir.…”