Medium chain fatty acid metabolism and energy expenditure: Obesity treatment implications

Papamandjaris, Andrea A.; MacDougall, Diane; Jones, Peter J.H.

doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(97)01143-0

Cited by 320 publications

(285 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…17 These results are in accordance with our findings related to differences in weight loss as well as with previous reports on MCT replacement of LCT in lean and obese patients. 18 However, it seems reasonable to assume that the effect of MCT is too moderate and the amount too small for recommendation of MCT use in low-calorie diets.…”

Section: Value Of Vlcd Supplementation With Mct M Krotkiewskisupporting

confidence: 94%

Value of VLCD supplementation with medium chain triglycerides

Krotkiewski

2001

Int J Obes

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BACKGROUND: Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) are energetically less dense, highly ketogenic, and more easily oxidised than long chain triglycerides (LCT). MCT also differ from LCT in their digestive and metabolic pathways. OBJECTIVE: To test the effects of MCT supplementation during a very low calorie diet (VLCD). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Three groups of tightly matched obese women with body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg=m 2 received an isoenergetic (578.5 kcal) VLCD (Adinax 1 , Novo Vital, Sweden) enriched with MCT or LCT (8.0 and 9.9 g=100 g Adinax 1 respectively) or a low-fat (3 g=100 g) and high-carbohydrate regimen. The diets were administered over 4 weeks. Body composition was measured with DEXA and appetite=satiety-according to Blundell. Beta hydroxybutyric acid concentration in plasma and nitrogen excretion in urine was measured during consecutive days of VLCD. The study was performed in a randomised double-blind manner. RESULTS: The MCT group showed a significantly greater decrease in body weight during the first 2 weeks. The contribution of body fat to the total weight loss was higher while the contribution of fat-free mass (FFM) was lower. The MCT group had a higher concentration of ketone bodies in plasma and a lower nitrogen excretion in urine. Hunger feelings were less intense while satiety was higher. These differences were observed during the first 2 weeks of treatment and gradually declined during the third and fourth weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Replacement of LCT by MCT in the VLCD increased the rate of decrease of body fat and body weight and has a sparing effect on FFM. The intensity of hunger feelings was lower and paralleled the higher increase of ketone bodies. These effects gradually declined, indicating subsequent metabolic adaptation. Further studies are required to confirm the proteinsparing and appetite-suppressing effects of MCT supplementation during the first 2 weeks of VLCD treatment.

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Section: Value Of Vlcd Supplementation With Mct M Krotkiewskisupporting

confidence: 94%

Value of VLCD supplementation with medium chain triglycerides

Krotkiewski

2001

Int J Obes

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“…By contrast, FAO per se is optimized to the beginning of the day; it is also controlled by PER1/2 but responds to feeding time. In this respect, it should be noted that FAO uses not only long-chain fatty acids but also, short and medium chains, which do not require the carnitine shuttle, because they freely diffuse into the mitochondria (49). We conclude that PERIOD proteins and potentially, the circadian clock regulate the diurnal utilization of different nutrients by the mitochondria and thus, optimize mitochondrial response to daily changes in energy supply/demand.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Circadian control of oscillations in mitochondrial rate-limiting enzymes and nutrient utilization by PERIOD proteins

Neufeld-Cohen

Robles

Aviram

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

207

192

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Mitochondria are major suppliers of cellular energy through nutrients oxidation. Little is known about the mechanisms that enable mitochondria to cope with changes in nutrient supply and energy demand that naturally occur throughout the day. To address this question, we applied MS-based quantitative proteomics on isolated mitochondria from mice killed throughout the day and identified extensive oscillations in the mitochondrial proteome. Remarkably, the majority of cycling mitochondrial proteins peaked during the early light phase. We found that rate-limiting mitochondrial enzymes that process lipids and carbohydrates accumulate in a diurnal manner and are dependent on the clock proteins PER1/2. In this conjuncture, we uncovered daily oscillations in mitochondrial respiration that peak during different times of the day in response to different nutrients. Notably, the diurnal regulation of mitochondrial respiration was blunted in mice lacking PER1/2 or on a high-fat diet. We propose that PERIOD proteins optimize mitochondrial metabolism to daily changes in energy supply/demand and thereby, serve as a rheostat for mitochondrial nutrient utilization.M itochondria serve as major suppliers of cellular energy through nutrient oxidation. One of the major challenges that mitochondria face is the adaptation to changes in nutrient supply and energy demand. An inability of mitochondria to deal with altered nutrient environment is associated with metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and obesity (1, 2).Mitochondria oxidize carbohydrates and lipids to generate ATP by a process known as oxidative phosphorylation. Pyruvate and fatty acids are transported from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix, where they are catabolized into acetyl CoA. Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA through the action of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), whereas fatty acids are oxidized through a cycle of reactions that trim two carbons at a time, generating one molecule of acetyl CoA in each cycle [i.e., fatty acid oxidation (FAO)]. The acetyl groups are then fed into the Krebs cycle for additional degradation, and the process culminates with the transfer of acetyl-derived high-energy electrons along the respiratory chain.Mounting evidence suggests that circadian clocks orchestrate our daily physiology and metabolism (3-6). The mammalian circadian timing system consists of a central pacemaker in the brain that is entrained by daily light-dark cycles and synchronizes subsidiary oscillators in virtually all cells of the body, in part by driving rhythmic feeding behavior. The core clock molecular circuitry relies on interlocked transcription-translation feedback loops that generate daily oscillations of gene expression in cultured cells and living animals (7). Many transcriptomes (8-12) and more recently, several proteomics (13-15) and metabolomics studies (16-21) highlighted the pervasive circadian control of metabolism.Rest-activity and feeding-fasting cycles that naturally occur throughout the day impose pronounced changes in nutrient s...

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“…Grazing significantly increased the concentrations of short and medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) in milk. These fatty acids are hydrolyzed rapidly and are absorbed directly to the liver via portal vein (Papamandjaris et al 1998). Therefore the medium chain fatty acids have been used for patients that have malabsorption syndrome.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Nutritiona L Quality of the Goat Milk by Grazing

Pajor¹

2014

Appl Ecol Env Res

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Abstract. The aim of study was to investigate the effect of grazing on the nutritional quality, such as composition, vitamins and fatty acids content of dairy goat milk. Before vegetation period, all goats were kept indoors and nutrition based on hay diet. After turn-out to pasture, all goats were grazing. Bulk milk samples were collected on 12 consecutive days at two sampling periods: in indoor and in grazing months and analysed for milk compositions and vitamin A, E and D 3 , as well as for fatty acid contents. The milk from grazing goats had significantly higher fat, protein and total solids non-fat than goats kept indoors. Grazing caused higher concentrations of vitamin A (0.026 vs. 0.036 mg/100ml; P<0.01) and D 3 (0.075 vs. 0.089 mg/100ml; P<0.05) compared to feeding hay. During the grass diet the rumenic acid (0.56 vs. 0.66 g/100g fatty acids; P<0.05) and n-3 fatty acids (0.36 vs. 1.19 g/100g fatty acids; P<0.001) contents in milk significantly increased. In this study, n-6/n-3 ratio of 10.17 and 1.82 were found in milk samples of goats that fed indoor and grass, respectively. It can be concluded that the milk from grazing goats is more advantageous for human nutrition, than the milk produced by animals fed hay based diet.

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Medium chain fatty acid metabolism and energy expenditure: Obesity treatment implications

Cited by 320 publications

References 63 publications

Value of VLCD supplementation with medium chain triglycerides

Value of VLCD supplementation with medium chain triglycerides

Circadian control of oscillations in mitochondrial rate-limiting enzymes and nutrient utilization by PERIOD proteins

Improving Nutritiona L Quality of the Goat Milk by Grazing

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