Medikamentenentsorgung in privaten Haushalten: Ein Faktor bei der Gewässerbelastung mit Arzneimittelwirkstoffen?

Götz, Konrad; Keil, Florian

doi:10.1065/uwsf2007.07.201

Cited by 32 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Furthermore, in aiming to reduce environmental levels of APIs, it is not sufficient to only target municipal sewage treatment works because none of the technologies currently under discussion can remove all APIs to the necessary degree (SchulteOehlmann et al 2007). Therefore, other measures need to be considered, such as informing patients, doctors and pharmacists within and outside hospitals on the proper handling of left-over and expired medicines (Götz and Keil 2007), i.e. not to simply dispose of them 'down the drain'.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Amongst other approaches such as improved education, improved behaviour of compounds (e.g. in terms of biodegradability), advanced effluent treatment options are seen as a potential risk management opportunity (www.start-project.de; Schulte-Oehlmann et al 2007;Götz and Keil 2007;Kümmerer 2007). Within this context, substance flows of a range of pharmaceuticals have to be quantified to enable any identified concerns to be tackled properly and efficiently (Kümmerer and Hofmeister 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flows of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Originating from Health Care Practices on a Local, Regional, and Nationwide Level in Germany—Is Hospital Effluent Treatment an Effective Approach for Risk Reduction?

Schuster

Hädrich

Kümmerer

2008

Water Air Soil Pollut: Focus

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Pharmaceuticals are designed to be bioactive and therefore are among the most important chemical compounds manufactured. In recent years pharmaceuticals have been detected in a range of environment compartments, with concerns raised that they may impose a risk to both humans and environmental organisms. To support informed management of any associated risks, knowledge about their substance flows is indispensable. However, little is known about sources and attributable substance flows with regard to the use of human pharmaceuticals. Often data available on a national level are used to judge local or regional situations and to calculate expected concentrations. In this paper, computations on the use of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) of drugs used in human medicine at the local, regional and national levels were conducted. Different data sources were used and raw-data were scaled up-or downwards and compared. Results of this analysis indicated that hospitals are, by far, minor sources of pharmaceuticals to the aquatic environment in comparison to non-point emissions from households. Differences in flows at the local, regional and national scales are also identified.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flows of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Originating from Health Care Practices on a Local, Regional, and Nationwide Level in Germany—Is Hospital Effluent Treatment an Effective Approach for Risk Reduction?

Schuster

Hädrich

Kümmerer

2008

Water Air Soil Pollut: Focus

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“…gar keine Substitutionsmöglichkeiten bestehen [6] [21]. Auch zeigen bereits Studien eine Akkumulation platinhaltiger Arzneimittel rückstände in Abwässern [22]. So wurde im Jahr 1996 von Kümmerer et.…”

Section: Klassifikation Der Platinnachfrageunclassified

Discussion of risks of platinum resources based on a function orientated criticality assessment - shown by cytostatic drugs and automotive catalytic converters

Thorenz

Reller

2011

Environ Sci Eur

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Purpose:The purpose of the study is the enhancement of criticality assessments for resources in order to address function speci c factors like dissipation, recycling, bio-activity and toxicity. The developed methodology is applied to platinum-containing cytostatic drugs and automotive catalytic converters. Methods:The study is methodically based on an analysis of resource speci c factors like exploration rates, reservesto-production ratio and regional distribution of exploration areas as well as on the investigation of product/functional depending factors like recycling rates, dissipation rates, bio-diversity and toxicity. Taking into account that economic and ecological risks may occur at any stage of the supply, consumption and dissipation processes, the whole life cycles of the two analyzed products (cytostatic drugs and automotive catalytic converters) are considered. As an approach to reduce potential economic and ecological risks the study is especially focused on recycling strategies. Background:In order to get a better understanding of platinum as an essential resource for the development of our society the history and the cultural impact of the term "resource" are introduced. Results & Discussion:The availability of platinum is crucial for several products of our modern society. Areas of application are e.g. jewellery, automotive catalytic converters, investments (coins, bars), computers, mobile devices, fertilizers and cytostatic drugs. Economic risks are caused by limited sources and dynamic demand of new application areas like fuel cells and drugs. Platinum-containing drugs are used for the treatment of several kinds of cancer such as testicular, breast, colon and prostate. Currently the pharmaceutical industry requires 6,9 tons per year (3 percent of the total demand of platinum). Due to the improvement of medical standards and the ageing society, especially in developing countries, the demand of platinum-containing drugs will rise signi cantly. The dissipation of toxic soluble salts and the lack of advanced waste-water treatment and recycling systems is a problem of the Conclusions:The evaluation of resources has to consider resource specific and functional depending factors. In order to reduce economic and ecological risks of the dissipation of platinum salts in cytostatic drugs three principle options can be identified: the development of ecologically compatible and cost-effective substitutes, efficient recycling systems and future-oriented sanitary-systems as well as waste-water treatment facilities, which are able to separate platinum salts. Concerning the dissipation of platinum particles of mobile converters relevant research questions are the identification of adequate substitutes as well as the extension of recycling capacities. Recommendations and perspectives:The study demonstrates a research gap concerning substitutes for automotive catalytic converters as well as for platinum-containing cytostatic drugs. The development and implementation of recycling concepts, technologies an...

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“…tal was incorrectly disposed of via domestic sewage (Götz and Keil 2007).One reason for this behaviour is uncertainty about the correct way of disposal of unused or expired pharmaceuticalsan uncertainty caused by inconsistent messages concerning disposal coming from the federal states and the municipalities as well as from waste management companies. The establishment of a consistent and binding disposal standard is necessary in order to effectively reduce improper disposal in the future.…”

Section: Communication Measures Awards and Competitions Public Relatimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The establishment of a consistent and binding disposal standard is necessary in order to effectively reduce improper disposal in the future. In the start project return via pharmacies has been recommended (Götz and Keil 2007).…”

Section: Communication Measures Awards and Competitions Public Relatimentioning

confidence: 99%

Systemic Risk Governance for Pharmaceutical Residues in Drinking Water

Keil¹,

Bechmann²,

Kümmerer³

et al. 2008

GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society

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Pharmaceuticals are in many cases an indispensable element of a comfortable and healthy life. Nevertheless, there is also a downside to the widespread and increasing use of drugs: the occurrence of their residues in the aquatic environment and in drinking water. Although there is evidence for negative effects of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in some animal and plant species, it has not yet been shown which risks in fact exist for humans and the environment. At the same time there is evidence that people will reject drinking water which contains only the smallest traces of APIs, despite claims that such traces are harmless. In this mélange of high uncertainties, subjective risk perception, and the undisputed societal benefit of pharmaceuticals, established risk management procedures are likely to fail. Addressing this issue, the article will suggest applying the concept of systemic risk to the case of APIs in drinking water. With this concept as basis a practical approach to risk management will be presented. It draws upon the recently developed concept of risk governance, as well as the precautionary principle. Finally, concrete measures for risk precaution in the spheres of drug development, handling of drugs, and technical emissions control in urban water management will be presented.

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Medikamentenentsorgung in privaten Haushalten: Ein Faktor bei der Gewässerbelastung mit Arzneimittelwirkstoffen?

Cited by 32 publications

References 7 publications

Flows of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Originating from Health Care Practices on a Local, Regional, and Nationwide Level in Germany—Is Hospital Effluent Treatment an Effective Approach for Risk Reduction?

Flows of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Originating from Health Care Practices on a Local, Regional, and Nationwide Level in Germany—Is Hospital Effluent Treatment an Effective Approach for Risk Reduction?

Discussion of risks of platinum resources based on a function orientated criticality assessment - shown by cytostatic drugs and automotive catalytic converters

Systemic Risk Governance for Pharmaceutical Residues in Drinking Water

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