MEDIEVAL ENGLAND AND THE OPEN-FIELD SYSTEM*

Titow, J. Z.

doi:10.1093/past/32.1.86

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…This kind of evidence, first analysed by Pfister (1979Pfister ( , 1992, is related to the payment of the tithe in kind, which had to be paid to the church. The grain tithe was usually paid within regions farmed according to the open-field system with three-year rotation, which was the prevalent agricultural system in most of Europe (Titow, 1965;Blum, 1978). Tithe owners were short of staff to monitor the correct payment due.…”

Section: -Tithe Auction Data (Tad) (Figs 3 S2-s3/s5-s12 In the Suppmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stepwise linear regression revealed that July temperatures were the most important factor, followed by June, May and March temperatures, which confirms the result of Pfister (1979 (Auer et al, 2007) blue dots (northwest stations); green dots (northeast stations); orange dots (southeast stations); red dots (southwest stations). 19201925193019351940194519501955196019651970Temp. anomalies T-HISTALP March-July 1920-1970Basel GHD 1920-1970 (Auer et al, 2007) blue dots (northwest stations); green dots (northeast stations); orange dots (southeast stations); red dots (southwest stations).…”

Section: Calibration -Verificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HISTALP temperature anomalies from 1901-2000 averages; (Auer et al, 2007) blue dots (northwest stations); green dots (northeast stations); orange dots (southeast stations); red dots (southwest stations). 19201925193019351940194519501955196019651970Temp. anomalies T-HISTALP March-July 1920-1970Basel GHD 1920-1970 hot and dry from March until Christmas.…”

Section: Warm Extremesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spring-summer temperatures reconstructed for northern Switzerland and southwestern Germany from winter rye harvest dates, 1454–1970

Wetter

Pfister

2011

Clim. Past

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This paper presents a unique 517-yr long documentary data-based reconstruction of spring-summer (MAMJJ) temperatures for northern Switzerland and south-western Germany from 1454 to 1970. It is composed of 25 partial series of winter grain (secale cereale) harvest starting dates (WGHD) that are partly based on harvest related bookkeeping of institutions (hospitals, municipalities), partly on (early) phenological observations. The resulting main Basel WGHD series was homogenised with regard to dating style, data type and altitude. The calibration and verification approach was applied using the homogenous HISTALP temperature series from 1774–1824 for calibration (r = 0.78) and from 1920–1970 for verification (r = 0.75). The latter result even suffers from the weak data base available for 1870–1950. Temperature reconstructions based on WGHD are more influenced by spring temperatures than those based on grape harvest dates (GHD), because rye in contrast to vines already begins to grow as soon as sunlight brings the plant to above freezing. The earliest and latest harvest dates were checked for consistency with narrative documentary weather reports. Comparisons with other European documentary-based GHD and WGHD temperature reconstructions generally reveal significant correlations decreasing with the distance from Switzerland. The new Basel WGHD series shows better skills in representing highly climate change sensitive variations of Swiss Alpine glaciers than available GHD series

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Section: -Tithe Auction Data (Tad) (Figs 3 S2-s3/s5-s12 In the Suppmentioning

confidence: 99%