Medieval Copper Alloy Production and West African Bronze Analyses ‐ Part Ii

Craddock, Paul; Picton, John

doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1986.tb00371.x

Cited by 29 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The lead may have originated from the Zn ore. Such Pb presence is common in post-medieval brasses and bronzes [17,48]. Tin contents below 2 wt% might be found in Cu-based objects due to bronze recycling and/or to the use of Sn-containing ores [49].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Brass Nails of the Akko Tower Wreck (Israel): Archaeometallurgical Analyses

Cohen

Ashkenazi

Kahanov

et al. 2015

Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal.

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The shipwreck designated as the Akko Tower Wreck was discovered inside Akko harbor, Israel, in 1966. It was surveyed in 1975 and 1981, and excavated in 2012-2013. Hull planks were connected to the frames by brass nails, some of which were in situ, emerging vertically from the planking, where frames had disappeared, and others were detached. The 105 nails that were retrieved were tentatively divided into two groups (A and B) according to their general shape and size. Nails sampled from each group were characterized by non-destructive and destructive metallurgical methods, including XRF, light microscopy, SEM-EDS, microindentation hardness measurements, and lead isotope analysis, in order to reveal their composition and microstructure, as well as to determine their manufacturing process and date the origin of the raw material. All nails were manufactured by casting and made of binary copper-zinc alloy: Type A with 35-36 wt% zinc, and Type B with 33-34 wt% zinc (XRF results). These compositions confirmed the preliminary typing of the nails. Their microstructure indicates that they were manufactured differently: Type A nails have Widmanstätten thin lamellae plates, and Type B nails have a-brass grains containing a dendritic microstructure. Based on their zinc and lead concentrations it is suggested that the nails were manufactured in the first half of the nineteenth century. The lead isotope analyses of the nails suggest that the raw material most probably originated in Great Britain. Hence, it is suggested that the Akko Tower Wreck is the remains of a European merchantman which sank in Akko harbor about the middle of the nineteenth century.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Brass Nails of the Akko Tower Wreck (Israel): Archaeometallurgical Analyses

Cohen

Ashkenazi

Kahanov

et al. 2015

Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal.

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show abstract

“…Metallurgical analyses and thermoluminescent dating, carried out more intensively in recent decades [e.g. Willett and Fleming 1976], offer objective data for chronology [Craddock and Picton 1986]. Thus far they appear to support the general outlines of the more subjective stylistic sequences earlier proposed by various scholars [Dark, 1973;1975;Elisofon and Fagg 1958;Fagg 1963;Tunis 1981;1983;1984].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Benin art revisited: Photographs and museum collections

Kaplan

1991

Visual Anthropology

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Sometimes surprising results were obtained in doing ethnographic fieldwork among the Benin people of southern Nigeria by using photographs of art objects seized by a British military expeditionary force against the Benin kingdom, in 1897. These results have import for the documentation of museum collections today. The more than two thousand objects taken from the Oba's palace in 1897, dating from the 16th to 19th centuries, were sold to offset the expedition's expenses and subsequently entered European and American museums around the turn of the century with little documentation. Photographs are here used to revisit Benin art and to probe the events represented, the identity of persons portrayed, and the content and meaning of the objects collected. Ethnohistoric photographs as well as studio portraits, made available in Nigeria, were used in this study along with field photographs. Specific objects reveal continuities and discontinuities of form and meaning, and manifest the effects of conquest and colonialism. The value of photographs as a research technique and as a means of documenting museum collections is affirmed.

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“…This process was discovered in Anatolia at the end of the second century BC (Craddock et al 1980). By the middle of the first century BC at the latest, large-scale production of brass had been started by the Romans (Craddock 1985). This can be dated with reasonable accuracy because coins were amongst the earliest objects to be made of brass (Caley 1964).…”

Section: Replacement Of Bronze By Brass In the Islamic Periodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even if the precise source of metals cannot be identified, some indications of the possible sources of metal supply for different production centres will still be very useful. Incidental to these two main purposes is that of dating objects by their composition where this can be shown to change with time and, in addition, deriving from this we have a test for authenticity (Craddock 1985;Willett 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technology and Provenance of a Collection of Islamic Copper‐based Objects as Found by Chemical and Lead Isotope Analysis*

al-Saad

2000

Archaeometry

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Chemical and lead isotope analyses were utilized to determine the composition, technology and origin of a collection of Islamic copper‐based objects found in Jordan. The atomic absorption spectrometry results show that the objects were made of different types of copper‐base alloys that contain various amounts of zinc, tin and lead. The use of brass, highly leaded brass and quaternary alloys of Cu‐Zn‐Sn‐Pb in the manufacture of everyday, household objects strongly points to Islamic traditions. The lead isotope compositions of the objects match very well that of the copper ore mined from the Dolomite‐Limestone‐Shale unit of the Arabah copper mines.

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Medieval Copper Alloy Production and West African Bronze Analyses ‐ Part Ii

Cited by 29 publications

References 12 publications

The Brass Nails of the Akko Tower Wreck (Israel): Archaeometallurgical Analyses

The Brass Nails of the Akko Tower Wreck (Israel): Archaeometallurgical Analyses

Benin art revisited: Photographs and museum collections

Technology and Provenance of a Collection of Islamic Copper‐based Objects as Found by Chemical and Lead Isotope Analysis*

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