Medieval Copper Alloy Production and West African Bronze Analyses ‐ Part I

Craddock, Paul; Picton, John

doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1985.tb00344.x

Cited by 58 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…9). Second, there is a weak correlation between Fe and Zn (a linear factor of 0.05 between Fe and Zn with a correlation coefficient of 0.7), as frequently observed for zinc ores (see the discussion and references in Craddock, 1985), although once again the correlation remains poor (Fig. 9).…”

Section: Impuritiesmentioning

confidence: 84%

Late medieval copper alloying practices: a view from a Parisian workshop of the 14th century AD

Bourgarit

Thomas

2012

Journal of Archaeological Science

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Section: Impuritiesmentioning

confidence: 84%

Late medieval copper alloying practices: a view from a Parisian workshop of the 14th century AD

Bourgarit

Thomas

2012

Journal of Archaeological Science

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“…Such practices seem to have been followed for a long time, creating confusion where trace elements might have yielded valuable comparative data, and shed light on sources of raw materials. Nonetheless, a few “late” heads, for example, are yielding earlier dates than might be expected, and a few “early” heads, later dates (Craddock and Picton 1986; Dark 1975; Fagg 1963; Kecskesi 1988; Tunis 1981, 1983).…”

Section: Benin Queens and Queen Mothersmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…It is, however, by no means certain that the stylistic classification is entirely correct. Accumulating hard evidence, and thermolumi‐nescence tests on some bronzes, so far, indicate dating of Benin pieces is more complicated than the accepted chronology suggests (Craddock and Picton 1986). Furthermore, the virtual absence of ongoing and intensive archaeology in Benin provides scant context for chronology Suitable samples from existing pieces are also scarce because, early on, European conservators cleaned, repaired, and resurfaced many Benin bronzes.…”

Section: Benin Queens and Queen Mothersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iyoba, the Queen Mother of Benin

Kaplan

1997

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Today, the 38th Oba of Benin, Omo N'Oba N'Edo Uku Akpolokpolo, is the traditional ruler of some 2 million Edo‐speaking peoples whose homelands are in southwestern Nigeria. A tropical forest kingdom, in medieval times it expanded to dominate other ethnic groups to the east beyond the Niger River, and to the west beyond Lagos. In 1897 a British military expedition ended five hundred years of indigenous and independent rule. Benin City, the Palace, and the Oba (restored to the throne in 1914) continued to be the focal points of the culture throughout the colonial period that lasted until 1960. As part of the Western Region, and later as capital of post colonial Midwest State, Benin City and the surrounding territory encompassed a number of ethnic groups. Within the boundaries of modern Edo State, Benin City is home to many Igbos, Yorubas, Etsakos, Itsekiris, Hausas, Europeans, and others. This pluralistic population in Benin City and elsewhere accommodates each other more easily than they did in the last century; friction nowadays is most often the outcome of new groups moving onto lands held by local villagers. The Oba's Palace in the heart of Benin City, capital of Edo State, Federal Republic of Nigeria, occupies a site dated to the 13th century, and possibly dates to the 11th century (Connah 1975). Benin expanded in the early 16th century with the aid of Portuguese mercenaries and foreign guns. To the north and elsewhere over the centuries the Benin's warred with their neighbors and exacted tribute. Like their conquests, their fortunes ebbed and rose under different kings (obas) who ruled up to the end of the 19th century. The 1950s census reported Benin City's population at about 50,000. The 1990s national census reported a pluralistic population of some 200,000 people, showing the city's growth and continued diversity.

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“…Recently, it has been claimed that the plate was a joke (Maclay 2003). Other museum objects in brass have also been identified as modern by their Zn content (Craddock 1985; Al‐Saa'd 2000). More difficult to authenticate, the Metropolitan Museum Greek bronze horse was submitted to analysis (Lefferts et al 1981), including TL dating of the ceramic core material (Zimmerman et al 1974).…”

Section: Wonder Versus Archaeometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Archaeometry and Museums: Fifty Years of Curiosity and Wonder*

Guerra

2008

Archaeometry

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Artefacts and works of art kept in museum collections originated in many cases from ancient private collections. In such cases, a partial or total absence of historical information may create additional problems concerning their authenticity. The study of museum collections and their preservation requires the use of analytical techniques but also combined examination techniques not commonly necessary for the study of archaeological objects. This paper gives an overview of the importance of museum items for the understanding of the past, the difficulties relating to their authentication and the significant advances brought about by science‐based techniques, in particular those cases discussed in Archaeometry during the past 50 years.

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Medieval Copper Alloy Production and West African Bronze Analyses ‐ Part I

Cited by 58 publications

References 10 publications

Late medieval copper alloying practices: a view from a Parisian workshop of the 14th century AD

Late medieval copper alloying practices: a view from a Parisian workshop of the 14th century AD

Iyoba, the Queen Mother of Benin

Archaeometry and Museums: Fifty Years of Curiosity and Wonder*

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