Medicinal Δ<sup>9</sup>‐tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol) impairs on‐the‐road driving performance of occasional and heavy cannabis users but is not detected in <scp>S</scp>tandard <scp>F</scp>ield <scp>S</scp>obriety <scp>T</scp>ests

Bosker, Wendy M.; Kuypers, Kim P. C.; Theunissen, Eef L.; Surinx, Anke; Blankespoor, Roos J.; Skopp, Gisela; Jeffery, Wayne K.; Walls, H. Chip; Leeuwen, C.J. van; Ramaekers, Johannes G.

doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03928.x

Cited by 105 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Similar arguments can be made for other difficult tasks performed by humans during a typical day. Others have reported substantial tolerance to the effects of THC on simulated driving tasks or other psychomotor tasks, which would seem consistent with our results (Bosker et al, 2012; Downey et al, 2013; Schwope et al, 2012). In these studies, blood levels of THC or its metabolites were not determined across groups with known patterns of prior THC exposure.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Blood levels do not predict behavioral or physiological effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rhesus monkeys with different patterns of exposure

Ginsburg

Hrubá

Zaki

et al. 2014

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background Recent changes in the legality of cannabis have prompted evaluation of whether blood levels of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or its metabolites could be used to substantiate impairment, particularly related to behavioral tasks such as driving. However, because marked tolerance develops to behavioral effects of THC, the applicability of a particular threshold of blood THC as an index of impairment in people with different patterns of use remains unclear. Studies relevant to this issue are difficult to accomplish in humans, as prior drug exposure is difficult to control. Methods Here, effects of THC to decrease rectal temperature and operant response rate compared to levels of THC and its metabolites were studied in blood in two groups of monkeys: one received intermittent treatment with THC (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) and another received chronic THC (1 mg/kg/12 h s.c.) for several years. Results In monkeys with intermittent THC exposure, a single dose of THC (3.2 mg/kg s.c.) decreased rectal temperature and response rate. The same dose did not affect response rate or rectal temperature in chronically exposed monkeys, indicative of greater tolerance. In both groups, blood levels of THC peaked 20–60 min post-injection and had a similar half life of elimination, indicating no tolerance to the pharmacokinetics of THC. Notably, in both groups, the behavioral effects of THC were not apparent when blood levels were maximal (20-min post-administration). Conclusion These data indicate that thresholds for blood levels of THC do not provide a consistent index of behavioral impairment across individuals with different patterns of THC exposure.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Blood levels do not predict behavioral or physiological effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rhesus monkeys with different patterns of exposure

Ginsburg

Hrubá

Zaki

et al. 2014

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…To some degree, it is probable that the population of impaired drivers shows some "baseline impairment", compared to healthy volunteers, as quite a large proportion of subjects is impaired also at very low drug concentrations. This situation, which is also indicated in previous studies (Bosker et al 2012;D'Souza et al 2008), could be caused by changes in brain function and behavior, which could be caused by drug use, but is not related to the acute intoxication (Bosker et al 2013). If this was true, an increase in traffic risk is expected in this population, also when very low blood drug levels are present.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Impairment due to alcohol, tetrahydrocannabinol, and benzodiazepines in impaired drivers compared to experimental studies

Høiseth

Berg-Hansen

Øiestad

et al. 2016

Traffic Injury Prevention

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Fewer test results indicated impairment in experimental studies compared to impaired drivers in real life when influenced by similar blood concentrations of either ethanol, THC, or benzodiazepines. In addition, a comparable relationship between drug concentration and impairment was seen for both experimental studies and real-life cases. We believe that the present study strengthens the background for using experimental studies to establish fixed concentration limits for drunk and drugged drivers, but experimental studies in an impaired driver population could further expand our knowledge.

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“…Future studies are needed to determine whether these changes revert back to normal following protracted abstinence from marijuana use. Existing literature shows that cognitive alterations and CB1 receptor down-regulation in regular marijuana users may return to normal values due to neuroadaptive phenomena occurring after periods of abstinence (51)(52)(53). Although our study cannot address whether the structural alterations observed are permanent or reversible, such an investigation would provide important information as to the trajectory of these effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Long-term effects of marijuana use on the brain

Filbey

Aslan

Calhoun

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

207

199

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Questions surrounding the effects of chronic marijuana use on brain structure continue to increase. To date, however, findings remain inconclusive. In this comprehensive study that aimed to characterize brain alterations associated with chronic marijuana use, we measured gray matter (GM) volume via structural MRI across the whole brain by using voxel-based morphology, synchrony among abnormal GM regions during resting state via functional connectivity MRI, and white matter integrity (i.e., structural connectivity) between the abnormal GM regions via diffusion tensor imaging in 48 marijuana users and 62 age-and sex-matched nonusing controls. The results showed that compared with controls, marijuana users had significantly less bilateral orbitofrontal gyri volume, higher functional connectivity in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) network, and higher structural connectivity in tracts that innervate the OFC (forceps minor) as measured by fractional anisotropy (FA). Increased OFC functional connectivity in marijuana users was associated with earlier age of onset. Lastly, a quadratic trend was observed suggesting that the FA of the forceps minor tract initially increased following regular marijuana use but decreased with protracted regular use. This pattern may indicate differential effects of initial and chronic marijuana use that may reflect complex neuroadaptive processes in response to marijuana use. Despite the observed age of onset effects, longitudinal studies are needed to determine causality of these effects.MRI | orbitofrontal cortex | functional connectivity | resting state fMRI | diffusion tensor imaging

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Medicinal Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol) impairs on‐the‐road driving performance of occasional and heavy cannabis users but is not detected in Standard Field Sobriety Tests

Cited by 105 publications

References 24 publications

Blood levels do not predict behavioral or physiological effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rhesus monkeys with different patterns of exposure

Blood levels do not predict behavioral or physiological effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rhesus monkeys with different patterns of exposure

Impairment due to alcohol, tetrahydrocannabinol, and benzodiazepines in impaired drivers compared to experimental studies

Long-term effects of marijuana use on the brain

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Medicinal Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol) impairs on‐the‐road driving performance of occasional and heavy cannabis users but is not detected in Standard Field Sobriety Tests

Cited by 105 publications

References 24 publications

Blood levels do not predict behavioral or physiological effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rhesus monkeys with different patterns of exposure

Blood levels do not predict behavioral or physiological effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rhesus monkeys with different patterns of exposure

Impairment due to alcohol, tetrahydrocannabinol, and benzodiazepines in impaired drivers compared to experimental studies

Long-term effects of marijuana use on the brain

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Medicinal Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol) impairs on‐the‐road driving performance of occasional and heavy cannabis users but is not detected in Standard Field Sobriety Tests