Medicinal plants used for skin-related diseases among the Batswanas in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality, South Africa

Asong, John Awungnjia; Ndhlovu, Peter Tshepiso; Khosana, N.S.; Aremu, Adeyemi O.; Otang-Mbeng, Wilfred

doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2019.05.002

Cited by 22 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The aim of this was to identify southern African plants traditionally used for the treatment of fungal skin diseases in humans. The information presented herein was sourced from several ethnobotanical books (Smith, 1888;Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962;Hutchings et al, 1996;Von Koenen, 2001;Moffett, 2010;Ngwenya et al, 2003;Van Wyk et al, 2009) and variety of ethnobotanical reviews (Thring and Weitz, 2006;Van Wyk, 2008;de Beer and Van Wyk, 2011;Nortje and Van Wyk, 2011;Philander, 2011;De Wet et al, 2013;Afolayan et al, 2014;Hulley and Van Wyk 2017;Asong et al, 2019). Google-Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and Science-Direct electronic databases were also used to identify original scientific research papers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most frequently used plant part to treat fungal skin infections in traditional southern African healing systems was the leaves (Figure 2). Interestingly, many other studies have also reported leaves as being the most frequently used plant part to treat a variety of pathogenic conditions (Afolayan et al, 2014;Asong et al, 2019;Cock et al, 2018;Cock et al, 2019;de Beer and Van Wyk, 2011;Hulley and Van Wyk, 2017;Nortje and Van Wyk, 2011;Philander, 2011). The roots/bulbs/corms, bark, fruit/berries/juice and the whole plant are also commonly used to treat dermatophytosis.…”

Section: South African Medicinal Plants Used Traditionally To Treat Fungal Skin Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of the traditional use of southern African medicinal plants for the treatment of fungal skin infections

Cock

Vuuren

2020

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

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Ethnopharmacological relevance: Human dermatophyte infections are one of the most common classes of infection globally, with an estimated 1.7 billion people contracting at least one infection annually. Southern African ethnic groups used multiple plants to treat dermatophytosis and to alleviate the symptoms, yet the anti-dermatophyte properties of most species remain poorly explored.Aim of the study: Our study aimed to critically review the literature to document southern African plant species used to treat one or more dermatophytic infections, and to summarise scientific evaluations of these and other plant species. Our study aims to stimulate and focus future studies in this field. Materials and methods:A thorough review of the ethnobotanical books, reviews and primary scientific studies were undertaken to identify southern African plants used traditionally to treat dermatophytosis, thereby identifying gaps in the research requiring further study.Results: Eighty-nine southern African plant species are recorded as traditional therapies for dermatophytosis. Scientific evaluations of 140 plant species were identified, although most of the species in those studies were selected for reasons apart from their traditional uses. None of those studies examined the mechanism of action of the plant species, and only a single study screened the extracts for toxicity.Conclusions: Despite southern Africa having some of the longest continuous human civilisations globally, as well as unique and diverse flora, and good ethnobotanical records, the anti-dermatophyte properties of southern African medicinal plants remains relatively poorly explored. The efficacy of the majority of plants used traditionally to treat fungal skin disease are yet to be verified and substantial further research is required in this field. KeywordsRingworm, tinea pedis, onychomycosis, dermatophytosis, Candida albicans, traditional medicine, South African medicinal plants Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. Human dermatophytosis 1.2. Zoonotic nature of dermatophytosis: animals as sources of fungal pathogens 2. Current treatment options for fungal skin infections and antibiotic drug resistance 3. An overview of fungal skin disease in South Africa 4. Materials and methods 5. South African medicinal plants used traditionally to treat fungal skin disease 6. Scientific studies into the growth inhibitory activity of fungal skin pathogens by South African plants 6.1. Antifungal activity of plant monotherapies 6.2. Synergistic antifungal activity of plant combinations 7. Discussion and conclusions

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: South African Medicinal Plants Used Traditionally To Treat Fungal Skin Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the traditional use of southern African medicinal plants for the treatment of fungal skin infections

Cock

Vuuren

2020

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

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“…To date, reports on the biological activities, phytochemistry and safety of many medicinal plants used in South African folk medicine against skin conditions have not been adequately explored [13]. Recently, Asong et al [15] documented a rich pool of botanicals used by Batswana traditional practitioners for treating skin-related diseases in the Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality, North West Province, South Africa. Among the 80 plants identified in the study area, Drimia sanguinea (Schinz) Jessop (Synonym: Urginea sanguinea Schinz), Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Activity, Antioxidant Potential, Cytotoxicity and Phytochemical Profiling of Four Plants Locally Used against Skin Diseases

Asong

Amoo

McGaw

et al. 2019

Plants

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Although orthodox medications are available for skin diseases, expensive dermatological services have necessitated the use of medicinal plants as a cheaper alternative. This study evaluated the pharmacological and phytochemical profiles of four medicinal plants (Drimia sanguinea, Elephantorrhiza elephantina, Helichrysum paronychioides, and Senecio longiflorus) used for treating skin diseases. Petroleum ether and 50% methanol extracts of the plants were screened for antimicrobial activity against six microbes: Bacillus cereus, Shigella flexneri, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton tonsurans using the micro-dilution technique. Antioxidant activity was conducted using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and β-carotene linoleic acid models. Cytotoxicity was determined against African green monkey Vero kidney cells based on the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay. Spectrophotometric and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) methods were used to evaluate the phytochemical constituents. All the extracts demonstrated varying degrees of antimicrobial potencies. Shigella flexneri, Candida glabrata, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton tonsurans were most susceptible at 0.10 mg/mL. In the DPPH test, EC50 values ranged from approximately 6–93 µg/mL and 65%–85% antioxidant activity in the β-carotene linoleic acid antioxidant activity model. The phenolic and flavonoid contents ranged from 3.5–64 mg GAE/g and 1.25–28 mg CE/g DW, respectively. The LC50 values of the cytotoxicity assay ranged from 0.015–5622 µg/mL. GC-MS analysis revealed a rich pool (94–198) of bioactive compounds including dotriacontane, benzothiazole, heptacosane, bumetrizole, phthalic acid, stigmasterol, hexanoic acid and eicosanoic acid, which were common to the four plants. The current findings provide some degree of scientific evidence supporting the use of these four plants in folk medicine. However, the plants with high cytotoxicity need to be used with caution.

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“…From those studies, a further trend was also evident: decoctions and infusions were most widely used in the treatment of bacterial respiratory infections, with 64 plant-based medicines reported to be used in these ways. Previous studies have also reported that decoctions and infusions are the most common methods for treating most pathogenic diseases ( Afolayan et al, 2014 ; Asong et al, 2019 ; Cock et al, 2018 ; Cock et al, 2019 ; De Beer and Van Wyk, 2011 ; Hulley and Van Wyk , 2017; Nortje and Van Wyk, 2011; Philander, 2011 ). Tinctures were prepared and consumed for a further four species, volatiles targeted from three species via inhalation, and a syrup was prepared and consumed from the fruit of various species.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 ). Interestingly, leaves are also the most frequently used plant part for the treatment of many other pathogenic diseases ( Afolayan et al, 2014 ; Asong et al, 2019 ; Cock et al, 2018 ; Cock et al, 2019 ; De Beer and Van Wyk, 2011 ; Hulley and Van Wyk , 2017; Philander, 2011 ). The roots of 58 plant species were also used to treat several bacterial respiratory diseases, whilst bark (15 species) and stems and twigs (10 species) were also relatively widely used.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The traditional use of southern African medicinal plants for the treatment of bacterial respiratory diseases: A review of the ethnobotany and scientific evaluations

Cock

Vuuren

2020

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

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Ethnopharmacological relevance Multiple plant species were used traditionally in southern Africa to treat bacterial respiratory diseases. This review summarises this usage and highlights plant species that are yet to be verified for these activities. Aim of the study This manuscript reviews the traditional usage of southern African plant species to treat bacterial respiratory diseases with the aim of highlighting gaps in the literature and focusing future studies. Materials and methods An extensive review of ethnobotanical books, reviews and primary scientific studies was undertaken to identify southern African plants which are used in traditional southern African medicine to treat bacterial respiratory diseases. We also searched for southern African plants whose inhibitory activity against bacterial respiratory pathogens has been conmfirmed, to highlight gaps in the literature and focus future studies. Results One hundred and eighty-seven southern African plant species are recorded as traditional therapies for bacterial respiratory infections. Scientific evaluations of 178 plant species were recorded, although only 42 of these were selected for screening on the basis of their ethnobotanical uses. Therefore, the potential of 146 species used teraditionally to treat bacterial respiratory diseases are yet to be verified. Conclusions The inhibitory properties of southern African medicinal plants against bacterial respiratory pathogens is relatively poorly explored and the antibacterial activity of most plant species remains to be verified.

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Medicinal plants used for skin-related diseases among the Batswanas in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality, South Africa

Cited by 22 publications

References 35 publications

A review of the traditional use of southern African medicinal plants for the treatment of fungal skin infections

A review of the traditional use of southern African medicinal plants for the treatment of fungal skin infections

Antimicrobial Activity, Antioxidant Potential, Cytotoxicity and Phytochemical Profiling of Four Plants Locally Used against Skin Diseases

The traditional use of southern African medicinal plants for the treatment of bacterial respiratory diseases: A review of the ethnobotany and scientific evaluations

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