Medicinal Plants and Biogenic Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: A Paradigm Shift to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia. Improving the amount of acetylcholine in the brain is an efficient way to treat the illness. The global incidence of dementia is estimated to be as high as 50 million, and it is expected to increase every 20 years until 2040, resulting in a costly burden of disease. Early-life risk factors for pathology include genes, chromosomal abnormalities, head injury, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Potentially modifiable risk factors including obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking are associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and represent promising targets for intervention. The drugs currently being used to manage AD have various drawbacks. The chemical inhibition of cholinesterase enzymes is an effective technique for treating signal related neuropathology, and possible sources of compounds with these properties are natural products and biogenic metal oxide nanoparticles. There is a potential source of AChE and BChE inhibitors in the abundance of plants in nature, and natural goods appear to offer useful medications and templates for the development of other compounds. This dissertation represents a review of the literature on species of medicinal plants and nanomaterial related plants tested for their inhibitory action of AChE and BChE. Plant species and the plant-mediated metal oxide nanoparticles referred to are possible cholinesterase inhibitors and can assist researchers in their study of natural products that may be beneficial in the treatment of AD.

Plant-Based Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Production, Characterization and Applications

“…In general, plant-derived green NPs are also less likely to cause severe side effects in humans when compared to chemically synthesized NPs, and have a great application potential with applications in a variety of areas, including but not limited to: Nanomedicine and human health protection (antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, pro- or anti-oxidative depending on the context, anti-inflammatory activities, etc.) [ 2 , 4 , 10 , 13 , 45 ]; Agriculture (precision farming with controlled release of agrochemicals, target-specific delivery of biomolecules, more efficient nutrients absorption, detection and control of plant diseases, etc.) [ 3 , 46 ]; Food science and technology (processing, storage, and packaging processes), in bioengineering (biocatalysts, photocatalysts, biosensors, etc.)…”

“…Nanomedicine and human health protection (antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, pro- or anti-oxidative depending on the context, anti-inflammatory activities, etc.) [ 2 , 4 , 10 , 13 , 45 ];…”

“…Nanotechnology is a fast-expanding and multidisciplinary field with many applications in science and technology [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. This field combines key concepts from a variety of disciplines, including chemistry, engineering, physics, and biology, in order to provide novel methods for controlling and generating nanoparticles (NPs).…”

“…Nanotechnology deals with the synthesis, characterization, and applications of a variety of NPs. Noble metals, such as gold, silver, or platinum, are commonly used to synthesize NPs by a variety of chemical and physical techniques; however, these processes are not ecologically friendly [ 1 , 4 , 9 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. There is a pressing need to develop a non-toxic, environmentally friendly NPs production technology.…”

Mechanisms Involved in Microglial-Interceded Alzheimer’s Disease and Nanocarrier-Based Treatment Approaches

“…Metallic nanoparticles are among the emerging and thrust areas for target drug delivery in the AD [188]. Although all metallic nanoparticles are not feasible for drug delivery, based on published reports, gold, silver, selenium, and cerium NPs are potential candidates for targeted delivery in managing and treating AD [189].…”