Medicinal plants and bioactive natural compounds as inhibitors of<scp>HMG‐CoA</scp>reductase: A literature review

Mahdavi, Atena; Bagherniya, Mohammad; Fakheran, Omid; Reiner, Željko; Xu, Suowen; Sahebkar, Amirhossein

doi:10.1002/biof.1684

Cited by 36 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 202 publications

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“…Recently, medicinal plants are becoming the focus of several researches, since these natural products have shown promising effects on the prevention and treatment of various diseases, particularly CVDs [ 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 ], diabetes mellitus [ 67 , 68 , 69 ], hypertension [ 70 , 71 , 72 ], and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [ 56 ]. The beneficial effects of herbal bioactive compounds on 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) [ 73 ], Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) [ 74 ], and small dense LDL [ 74 ] have recently been reviewed. These are three important factors with unfavorable effects on CVDs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Natural Compounds on Homocysteine

et al. 2021

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Background: Among non-communicable diseases, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in global communities. By 2030, CVD-related deaths are projected to reach a global rise of 25 million. Obesity, smoking, alcohol, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and hyperhomocysteinemia are several known risk factors for CVDs. Elevated homocysteine is tightly related to CVDs through multiple mechanisms, including inflammation of the vascular endothelium. The strategies for appropriate management of CVDs are constantly evolving; medicinal plants have received remarkable attention in recent researches, since these natural products have promising effects on the prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases. The effects of nutraceuticals and herbal products on CVD/dyslipidemia have been previously studied. However, to our knowledge, the association between herbal bioactive compounds and homocysteine has not been reviewed in details. Thus, the main objective of this study is to review the efficacy of bioactive natural compounds on homocysteine levels according to clinical trials and animal studies. Results: Based on animal studies, black and green tea, cinnamon, resveratrol, curcumin, garlic extract, ginger, and soy significantly reduced the homocysteine levels. According to the clinical trials, curcumin and resveratrol showed favorable effects on serum homocysteine. In conclusion, this review highlighted the beneficial effects of medicinal plants as natural, inexpensive, and accessible agents on homocysteine levels based on animal studies. Nevertheless, the results of the clinical trials were not uniform, suggesting that more well-designed trials are warranted.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Natural Compounds on Homocysteine

et al. 2021

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“…Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are among the most common causes of death globally, with hyperlipidemia representing one of its main risk factors ( Mahdavi et al, 2020 ; Jayachandran and Qu, 2021 ). In Herman-Lara et al (2014) evaluation of the protective activity of micronized insoluble fiber from the bagasse of A. carambola as an ingredient of a functional food (FF) or as micronized insoluble fiber-rich fraction (IFRF) and its effects in vivo on lipid metabolism in a murine model, serum TG, TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C decreased after a murine model was treated with IFRF and FF, with corresponding inhibition rates of 14.2, 25.4, 55.06, and 12.18% by IFRF, and 30.18, 39.47, 35.11, and 43.18% by FF.…”

Section: Pharmacological Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traditional Uses, Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Properties of Averrhoa carambola L.: A Review

et al. 2021

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Averrhoa carambola L. (star fruit) is an edible fruit that is extensively cultivated in southern China, Southeast Asia, India, and northern South America. It has a sweet and juicy taste and is frequently used in fruit salads and fruit platters, as a garnish in cocktail drinks and beverages, or squeezed into juice and served as a beverage. Traditionally, it has been used for treating diabetes and diabetic nephropathy, arthralgia, vomiting, lithangiuria, coughing, hangovers, and chronic paroxysmal headache for thousands of years. Currently, approximately 132 compounds have been isolated from A. carambola. Among them, flavonoids, benzoquinone, and their glycosides have been considered as biologically active substances, which are responsible for various biological activities. Pharmacological studies have revealed that crude extracts or monomeric compounds from A. carambola exhibit multiple bioactivities, such as anti-oxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-hypertensive, neuroprotective, and others. Thus, A. carambola is a valuable treatment in Chinese medicine with therapeutic potential for multiple diseases, especially diabetes and diabetes-related diseases. Even though it is a very promising candidate in the development of functional food and the pharmaceutical industry, reports on its bioactivities have only been conducted in vivo and in vitro and there is a gap in research regarding clinical settings and safety. This review therefore provides a comprehensive and systematic overview of current progress on botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of A. carambola, providing a valuable reference for further developments and applications of A. carambola in the pharmaceutical industry and functional food.

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“…Multiple studies have supported the effect of phytochemical intake on health outcomes, not limited to CVD, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes (Probst et al, 2017). Particularly, several mechanisms for the effect of phytonutrients have been proposed, including inhibition of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme (HMG‐CoA) reductase (polyphenols, garlic, and red yeast rice), increasing LDL receptor activity (garlic and plant sterols), and decreasing intestinal cholesterol absorption (berberine) (Mahdavi et al, 2020). Additionally, various types of phytonutrients (flaxseed, green tea, resveratrol, cinnamon, curcumin, silymarin, Allium cepa , vegetable oils, cranberry, and Aloe vera ) have been reported to diminish the expression and activity of HMG‐CoA reductase, thus prevent dyslipidemia and CVD (Mahdavi et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Particularly, several mechanisms for the effect of phytonutrients have been proposed, including inhibition of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme (HMG‐CoA) reductase (polyphenols, garlic, and red yeast rice), increasing LDL receptor activity (garlic and plant sterols), and decreasing intestinal cholesterol absorption (berberine) (Mahdavi et al, 2020). Additionally, various types of phytonutrients (flaxseed, green tea, resveratrol, cinnamon, curcumin, silymarin, Allium cepa , vegetable oils, cranberry, and Aloe vera ) have been reported to diminish the expression and activity of HMG‐CoA reductase, thus prevent dyslipidemia and CVD (Mahdavi et al, 2020). Furthermore, single compounds and the combination of red yeast rice, berberine, and policosanol were shown to maintain CVD risk factors in the long term and improve endothelial function and pulse wave velocity (Cicero et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytonutrient supplements and metabolic biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: An umbrella review of meta‐analyses of clinical trials

Hoang

Kim

2021

Phytotherapy Research

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Phytonutrients exert several pharmacological effects on humans. In this study, we performed an umbrella review of the association of phytonutrient supplements (PNSs) with biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. Relevant published systematic reviews and meta‐analyses of clinical trials were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library until July 4, 2020. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for summarized effects and I2 statistics of heterogeneity were extracted from individual studies or reanalyzed using a random‐effects model. Of the 50 included studies, pooled effects of PNSs on blood pressure, lipid profiles, and glycemic control were reported in 16, 25, and 14 articles, respectively. The findings appeared to be highly heterogeneous among individual trials of included systematic reviews and meta‐analyses. Ginger (WMD = −6.36 mmHg, 95% CI = −11.27, −1.46) and Hibiscus sabdariffa (WMD = −7.58 mmHg, 95% CI = −9.69, −5.46) were associated with lowered systolic blood pressure, whereas Aloe vera, Nigella sativa, and spirulina were associated with beneficial effects on both lipid profiles and glycemic control. In summary, this umbrella review has provided up‐to‐date evidence for the effect of PNSs on biomarkers related to hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. The results must be interpreted with caution due to potential heterogeneity.

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Medicinal plants and bioactive natural compounds as inhibitors ofHMG‐CoAreductase: A literature review

Cited by 36 publications

References 202 publications

The Effects of Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Natural Compounds on Homocysteine

The Effects of Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Natural Compounds on Homocysteine

Traditional Uses, Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Properties of Averrhoa carambola L.: A Review

Phytonutrient supplements and metabolic biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: An umbrella review of meta‐analyses of clinical trials

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