Medication safety problems priorities in community pharmacy in Saudi Arabia: a multi-stakeholder Delphi study using the human factors framework

Juffali, Lobna Abdullah Al; Knapp, Peter; Al-Aqeel, Sinaa; Watson, Margaret

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032419

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This is in line with previous studies investigating factors influencing patient participation in medication counseling at the community pharmacy [21,25,26]. In fact, patients not requesting information about medications have been identified as a priority medication safety problem in another setting [27].…”

Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 89%

Assessing content and factors influencing responses to information requests in community pharmacies in Jordan: A simulated patients study

et al. 2022

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Objectives To assess the management of requests for information about a prescription only medicine (simvastatin for treatment of dyslipidemia) by pharmacy staff in community settings and explore the factors influencing the information content. Methods A cross sectional study conducted using the stimulated patient (SP) method between November 2018 and May 2019. The SP conveyed the request at the beginning of the encounter in a standardized way based on predetermined plots and was instructed to ask the pharmacy staff directly if information was not discussed spontaneously. After the visit, the SP provided written feedback including information about the scenario and a copy of individualized feedback. The study was reported according to the checklist for reporting research using simulated patient methodology (CRiSP). Factors influencing information content with or without information demand were investigated. Results A total of 55 visits were analyzed. The average content score for the information discussed spontaneously was 16.2% with the standard deviation (SD) equal to15.6. The score improved significantly after information was demanded by the SP; the average total information content score became 34.4% (SD = 16) with p < 0.001. The score of information discussed spontaneously was higher for male pharmacy staff, older age, more experience, and a Pharm D degree. When the SP prompted or demanded for information, older pharmacy staff with more experience and with a college degree scored higher. Independent pharmacies, longer visit durations, and less distraction were associated significantly with higher information scores Pharmacy staff aged 35–39 and those with 6–10 years of experience were significant contributors to spontaneous discussion of information with p values = 0.003 and 0.013, respectively. After the SP demanded information, pharmacy staff with less than 5 years of experience and greater confidence as well as longer visits were positively predicting higher information scores with p values of 0.049, 0.04, and 0.04, respectively. Conclusions Information provided by community pharmacists responding to information requests about prescription only medications was found to be suboptimal. Patient requests for information were found to be a positive driver for better information content. Further research of mixed methodologies is required to clarify the factors and motivators enabling information exchange in community settings and to outline true training needs.

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Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 89%

Assessing content and factors influencing responses to information requests in community pharmacies in Jordan: A simulated patients study

et al. 2022

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“…Burnout levels of community pharmacists were associated with several comorbidities, including anxiety, depression, alcohol abuse, and the consumption of health resources (Balayssac et al 2017). Community pharmacy is a complex system with several interconnected variables that impact patient safety ( Al Juffali et al 2019a ), and medication safety priorities affecting community pharmacists have been established ( Al Juffali et al 2019b ).…”

Section: Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-sectional study to evaluate burnout among pharmacy staff in Saudi Arabia during COVID-19 pandemic

Aljuffali

Alshabanah

Almalag

2022

Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal

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Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has placed healthcare workers, including pharmacists, at an increased risk of infection and has increased their workload, which could lead to burnout. Therefore, the present study aimed to measure the levels of burnout among hospital and community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic and to identify the risk factors associated with burnout. Methods In the present cross-sectional study, an online survey was distributed among community and hospital (inpatient, outpatient, clinical, and administration) pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory(CBI) survey was used to measure burnout levels. This 19-item survey covered three aspects: personal, work, and patient-related burnout. The survey included questions about socio-demographic factors and the major causes of psychological distress among pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic. Inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Results A total of 502 pharmacists were included in the present study. Of these, 59.1% were categorized as having clinically relevant burnout levels(scores≥50). Univariate analysis revealed that the burnout level was significantly higher(p<0.05) among pharmacists who were younger, were females, had lesser years of experience, or worked in the community pharmacy. The main factors associated with high burnout levels among community pharmacists were younger age, lesser years of experience, male gender, non-Saudi nationality, and higher numbers of customers. In the COVID-19 part of the survey, burnout was found to be strongly related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Fears of getting infected or of a family member getting infected, fears of the pandemic lasting for too long, and increased working hours were factors contributing to increased burnout levels during the COVID-19 pandemic with unadjusted β of 8.336 and(95% CI 7.082-9.589, p value < 0.001). A lack of supportive work culture and sleeping disturbances were also found to be related to high burnout levels(p<0.001). Conclusions Pharmacy staff in Saudi Arabia were found to experience high levels of burnout. The major risk factors causing burnout included younger age, female gender, lesser years of experience, a lack of supportive work culture, sleep disturbances, worries associated with increased workload during the pandemic, fears of getting infected, and increased working hours.

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“…Descriptive analysis will be conducted using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for the Windows version 26 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) [ 20 ]. The thematic analysis method by Braun and Clarke will be used for the open-ended response [ 21 ].…”

Section: Methods and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Expert Consensus on a Proposed Study Framework to Explore Factors Influencing Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria Preventive Behavior: A Modified Delphi Method Protocol

Naserrudin

Hod

Jeffree

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The increasing incidence of P. knowlesi malaria infection among humans is a public health threat. This zoonotic disease is challenging to eliminate owing to the presence of animal reservoirs. Understanding the factors such as the community’s belief, social context, drivers, and barriers can provide insights into malaria preventive behavior. It is crucial to improve the current preventive measures. This study aims to achieve consensus among malaria experts based on evidence from literature reviews and experts’ opinions on possible factors influencing malaria preventive behavior among communities exposed to P. knowlesi malaria infection. A modified Delphi study protocol was developed to gather experts’ consensus on the study framework to explore the factors influencing preventive behavior among communities exposed to P. knowlesi malaria infection. The framework is adapted from the ideation model, and it is integrated with other relevant theories and extensive literature reviews. We will use the modified Delphi protocol to reach a consensus. The experts will respond to each questionnaire item and a related open-ended questionnaire. Consensus is predetermined at more than 70% agreement on the items. We will use descriptive statistics and thematic analysis to analyze the data. All experts will remain anonymous to maintain the characteristics of a traditional Delphi study.

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Medication safety problems priorities in community pharmacy in Saudi Arabia: a multi-stakeholder Delphi study using the human factors framework

Cited by 18 publications

References 32 publications

Assessing content and factors influencing responses to information requests in community pharmacies in Jordan: A simulated patients study

Assessing content and factors influencing responses to information requests in community pharmacies in Jordan: A simulated patients study

Cross-sectional study to evaluate burnout among pharmacy staff in Saudi Arabia during COVID-19 pandemic

Expert Consensus on a Proposed Study Framework to Explore Factors Influencing Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria Preventive Behavior: A Modified Delphi Method Protocol

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