Medicare-Covered Services Near the End of Life in Medicare Advantage vs Traditional Medicare

Abstract

ImportanceFinancial incentives in Medicare Advantage (MA), the managed care alternative to traditional Medicare (TM), were designed to reduce overutilization. For patients near the end of life (EOL), MA incentives may reduce potentially burdensome care and encourage hospice but could also restrict access to costly but necessary services.ObjectiveTo compare receipt of potentially burdensome treatments and transfers and potentially necessary postacute services in the last 6 months of life in individuals with MA vs TM.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA retrospective analysis of Medicare claims data among older Medicare beneficiaries who died between 2016 and 2018. The study included Medicare decedents aged 66 years or older covered by TM (n = 659 135) or MA (n = 360 430). All decedents and the subset of decedents with 1 or more emergent hospitalizations with a life-limiting condition (cancer, dementia, end-stage organ failure) that would likely qualify for hospice care were included.ExposureMA enrollment.Main OutcomesReceipt of potentially burdensome hospitalizations and treatments; receipt of postdischarge home and facility care.ResultsThe study included 659 135 TM enrollees (mean [SD] age at death, 83.3 [9.0] years, 54% female, 15.1% non-White, 55% with 1 or more life-limiting condition) and 360 430 MA enrollees (mean [SD] age at death 82.5 [8.7] years, 53% female, 19.3% non-White, 49% with 1 or more life-limiting condition). After regression adjustment, MA enrollees were less likely to receive potentially burdensome treatments (−1.6 percentage points (pp); 95% CI, −2.1 to −1.1) and less likely to die in a hospital (−3.3 pp; 95% CI, −4.0 to −2.7) compared with TM. However, when hospitalized, MA enrollees were more likely to die in the hospital (adjusted difference, 1.3 pp; 95% CI, 1.1-1.5) and less likely to be transferred to rehabilitative or skilled nursing facilities (−5.2 pp; 95% CI, −5.7 to −4.6). Higher rates of home health and home hospice among those discharged home offset half of the decline in facility use. Results were unchanged in the life-limiting conditions sample.ConclusionsMA enrollment was associated with lower rates of potentially burdensome and facility-based care near the EOL. Greater use of home-based care may improve quality of care but may also leave patients without adequate assistance after hospitalization.