Medical Services at Ultra-Endurance Foot Races in Remote Environments: Medical Issues and Consensus Guidelines

Hoffman, Martin D.; Pasternak, Andrew; Rogers, Ian R.; Khodaee, Morteza; Hill, John C.; Townes, David A.; Scheer, Bernd Volker; Krabak, Brian J.; Basset, Patrick; Lipman, Grant S.

doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0189-3

Cited by 96 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…This is subsequently associated with poor recovery from exercise and sustained fatigue [14, 15]. Both inadvertent symptoms such as gastrointestinal challenges and injury, including those that are dermatologically related, increase the risk of insufficient food and fluid intake with and without the addition of environmental challenges [31, 32]. In competition, field research suggests that ultra-endurance athletes finish their races with an energy intake between 36 and 54% of energy expenditure [18, 34].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional implications for ultra-endurance walking and running events

Williamson

2016

Extrem Physiol Med

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This paper examines the various nutritional challenges which athletes encounter in preparing for and participating in ultra-endurance walking and running events. Special attention is paid to energy level, performance, and recovery within the context of athletes’ intake of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and various vitamins and minerals. It outlines, by way of a review of literature, those factors which promote optimal performance for the ultra-endurance athlete and provides recommendations from multiple researchers concerned with the nutrition and performance of ultra-endurance athletes. Despite the availability of some research about the subject, there is a paucity of longitudinal material which examines athletes by nature and type of ultra-endurance event, gender, age, race, and unique physiological characteristics. Optimal nutrition results in a decreased risk of energy depletion, better performance, and quicker full-recovery.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional implications for ultra-endurance walking and running events

Williamson

2016

Extrem Physiol Med

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“…Ultra‐endurance events present a particularly challenging situation for preventing and managing medical conditions given the race distances, extreme weather conditions and remoteness of many events . Strict regulating bodies, such as those in organized sport, do not exist for these events.…”

Section: Prevention Of Hypothermia In Outdoor Recreation In the Mountmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accidental hypothermia in recreational activities in the mountains: A narrative review

Procter

Brugger

Burtscher

2018

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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The popularity of recreational activities in the mountains worldwide has led to an increase in the total number of persons exposed to cold and extreme environments through recreation. There is little conclusive evidence about the risk of hypothermia for specific activities or populations, nor is it clear which activities are represented in the literature. This is a non-systematic review of accidental hypothermia in different recreational activities in the mountains, with a specific focus on outdoor or winter activities that potentially involve cold exposure. Cases of hypothermia have been reported in the literature in mountaineering, trekking, hiking, skiing, activities performed in the backcountry, ultra-endurance events, and databases from search and rescue services that include various types of recreation. Of these activities, hypothermia as a primary illness occurs most commonly during mountaineering in the highest elevation areas in the world and during recreation practiced in more northern or remote areas. Hypothermia in skiers, snowboarders, and glacier-based activities is most often associated with accidents occurring off-piste or in the backcountry (crevasse, avalanche). Organizers of outdoor events also have a role in reducing the incidence of hypothermia through medical screening and other preparedness measures. More complete collection and reporting of data on mild hypothermia and temperature measurement would improve our understanding of the incidence of hypothermia in outdoor recreation in future.

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“…1 Many of these are held in remote and exotic locales, such as deserts and jungles, where the risk of exertional heat injury is high. 2 Although exertional heat stroke (EHS) is a real danger in ultramarathons and has led to deaths, the clinical syndrome of heat exhaustion more often leads to decreased athlete performance and "Did Not Finish" (DNF) status. A multitude of factors contribute to EHS and heat stress such as ambient temperature, humidity, acclimatization to the heat, hydration status, and endogenous heat production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%