Medical management for the prevention of kidney stones

Abstract

The alarming fact is that approximately one out of every 10 of us will have a kidney stone during our lifetime. The increasing prevalence and associated costs of kidney stones have resulted in it being one of the most commonly encountered and impactful medical conditions. Contributing factors include, but are not limited to, diet, climate, genetics, medications, activity and underlying medical conditions. Symptoms generally parallel stone size. Treatment varies from supportive to procedural (invasive and non-invasive). Prevention remains the best way to avoid this condition especially given the high recurrence rate. First time stone formers require counselling regarding dietary adjustments. Certain risk factors ultimately require a more in-depth metabolic investigation, especially if stones are recurrent. Ultimately, management is defined by stone composition. Where appropriate, we review both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic options. Pivotal to successful prevention is patient education and the encouragement of compliance with the appropriate regimen.

Prevelance of Kidney Stones to the Human Populaton of District Buner and Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Kidney Stone

“…The study also highlighted the 'stone belt' phenomenon with Pakistan's inclusion in this high-prevalence geographical zone, further emphasizing the influence of environmental factors, particularly temperature, on the epidemiology of nephrolithiasis. This is consistent with the notion that geographical and climatic conditions play a non-negligible role in the pathogenesis of kidney stones (5,7,9). The current research has its strengths, including the comprehensive sampling from various localities, encompassing both rural and urban areas, and spanning a wide age range.…”

“…The disease's prevalence is not limited by gender, race, or age and varies significantly across geographical locations. Risk factors contributing to kidney stone formation include climatic conditions, particularly warmer climates and insufficient fluid intake, dietary patterns such as high salt and animal protein intake and low fiber diets, and certain medical conditions (8,9). These conditions include those that lead to increased serum calcium levels, like primary hyperparathyroidism, and metabolic disorders such as diabetes, stomach diseases, cardiovascular and liver diseases, obesity, high creatinine and uric acid levels, and hypertension.…”

Development and validation of a nomogram for risk prediction of nephrolithiasis recurrence in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism

“…Nephrolithiasis is a common disease in the general population, with an estimated prevalence of 10%–15% ( 13 , 14 ). This condition is a considerable economic burden, costing the healthcare system more than $10 billion per year ( 15 ).…”

Ae index is an independent predictor of kidney stone recurrence in overweight and obese patients

“…Kidney stone is a common disease in urology, which can cause urinary tract obstruction and affect kidney function in serious cases [ 1 – 4 ]. Currently, the incidence of kidney stone is increasing year by year, with about 7%-13% in North America, 5%-9% in Europe, 1%-5% in Asia, and 6.3% in China [ 5 – 7 ]. In addition, kidney stone is also known as a lifelong disease because of the high recurrence rate, and it has been reported that about half of the patients with kidney stone disease would experience a second attack, and more than 10% experience more recurrence [ 8 , 9 ].…”