Medical infrared imaging and orthostatic analysis to determine lameness in the pelvic limbs of dogs

Garcia, Érika Fernanda Villamayor; Loughin, Catherine A.; Marino, Dominic J.; Sackman, Joseph; Umbaugh, Scott E.; Fu, Jiyuan; Subedi, Samrut; Lesser, Martin; Akerman, Meredith; Schossler, João Eduardo Wallau

doi:10.4314/ovj.v7i4.10

Cited by 17 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…Thermal imaging has been shown to be useful in detection of several pathological conditions in dogs including osteosarcoma (14), elbow dysplasia (15), cranial cruciate ligament rupture (16,17), and intervertebral disc disease (18). Thermography has also been shown to have applications for canine gait analysis (19,20).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Thermographic Imaging in Canine Hindlimb Muscles After 6 Min of Walking—A Pilot Study

et al. 2020

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Objective: To evaluate changes in superficial temperature of hindlimb muscles before and after a 6-min walk in healthy dogs. Methods: Two infrared thermographic images were captured of the proximal and distal hindlimbs of 11 healthy dogs before and after a 6-min walk. Orthopedic exam and objective gait analysis confirmed the healthy status of study subjects. Superficial temperatures of the gastrocnemius, biceps femoris, and gracilis were assessed. Analysis of images was performed using 2 different methods of region of interest (ROI) selection. ROI were selected first using one point (single pixel) in the muscle and then separately by selecting a line (LN) corresponding to many points of each muscle belly from which an average was taken. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: There was no significant change in temperature using point ROI before and after 6 min of walking of the gastrocnemius, gracilis, and biceps femoris muscles (p = 0.273, p = 0.349, p = 0.351, respectively). Using linear ROI, both biceps femoris and gracilis muscles exhibited significant increases in temperature (p < 0.0001, p = 0.032, respectively). There was no significant increase in temperature of gastrocnemius muscle for both point and linear ROI selection (p = 0.273, p = 0.448, respectively). The right biceps femoris temperatures were higher compared to left biceps femoris using the linear ROI before and after walks (p < 0.0001). The overall (left and right limbs pooled) standard deviation of point selected values were greater than LN selected values of the biceps femoris (1.35 and 1.11) and gastrocnemius (1.51 and 1.23). In contrast, standard deviation for the gracilis measurements were decreased using point selection vs. LN selection (1.09 and 1.3). Conclusions: The biceps femoris and gracilis muscles demonstrated significant increases in surface temperature after 6 min of walking using the linear method of ROI. Measurement of numerous points along the entire length of the biceps femoris and gastrocnemius muscles may provide a more accurate assessment of the increased vascularity within the tissues resulting from work compared to single point selection. Clinical Significance: Prior activity and ROI selection method should be considered when interpreting thermography results.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Thermographic Imaging in Canine Hindlimb Muscles After 6 Min of Walking—A Pilot Study

et al. 2020

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“…In dogs, thermography was used for diagnosing bone cancer (sensitivity 100 %, specificity 80 %) 50 . The rest of the problems addressed by thermography belonged to orthopedics where an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) 49 , hips, stifles, elbows, and disc disease were studied 51,52 . In cats, thermal imaging detected hyperthyroidism with 87.5% accuracy 53 .…”

Section: Thermographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biophotonics in veterinary medicine: the first steps toward clinical translation

Cugmas

Spīgulis

2019

Optical Diagnostics and Sensing XIX: Toward Point-of-Care Diagnostics

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In this paper, we analyzed the current situation and the potential of biophotonics and biomedical optics in veterinary medicine. Promising optical techniques such as optical coherence tomography, pulse oximeter, and hyperspectral imaging have been clinically translated into human medicine. But even though human and small animal medicine share personalized and state-of-the-art approach, biophotonics remains rarely exploited in the canine and feline medicine. However, there are some biophotonics studies in veterinary oncology which addressed tumor diagnosis (skin and subcutaneous tumors), prognosis (lymphoma), and therapy (clear surgical margins). Visible and near-infrared spectroscopy served for measuring various physiological parameters related to circulation, and photobiomodulation therapy was often used for the management of wounds, skin conditions, and orthopedic problems. In the research, the most popular clinically translated technique is thermography which was applied for the diagnosis of orthopedic problems and diseases as infections and hyperthyroidism. The future optical devices for small animals such as dogs and cats should be robust and resilient to damage (e.g., due to biting, chewing), offering user-friendly and short measurements. In veterinary oncology, biophotonics could replace invasive fine-needle aspiration procedure. The potential of a pulse oximeter for pet monitoring has yet to be explored. What is more, photobiomodulation efficiency should be tested in an extensive clinical (in vivo) study. The technique would be very beneficial in dentistry which currently requires expensive and risky anesthesia.

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“…Such uses include identification of local areas of hyperthermia (increased circulation), which correlates to possible injury, as demonstrated in a study of racing greyhounds evaluating preferential limb utilization during racing ( 5 ). Other applications include the evaluation of dog biomechanics and gait analysis ( 6 ), identification of musculoskeletal disorders such as hip osteoarthritis in dogs ( 7 , 8 ), and detection of tendonitis in racehorses ( 9 ). Thermography has also been used to investigate skin temperature changes after exercise on a treadmill with findings that skin temperature increases with a correlation to muscle activity ( 10 , 11 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Imaging Following Exercise in Working Dogs

et al. 2021

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Disaster search dogs traverse diverse and unstable surfaces found in collapsed buildings. It is unknown if the physical conditioning on a treadmill involves the same muscle groups that are involved in rubble search. This 14-week prospective cohort study was conducted to investigate changes within the thermal gradients of specific dog muscles following treadmill compared to rubble search. Nine dogs, ranging in age from 6 months to 4 years, were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Each week the two groups would participate in either 20 min of treadmill or rubble searches. Prior to exercise, the dogs were weighed and then kenneled in a temperature-controlled study room for 20 min at 21°C. Pre-exercise thermal images were then captured of the standing dog from the dorsal, left and right lateral, and caudal perspectives, and of the sitting dog from the rostral perspective. Following a 10-min warm-up period of stretches, dogs proceeded to either treadmill or search. Upon completion, dogs were kenneled in the study room for 20 min prior to post-exercise thermal images. Images were sectioned into 22 muscle regions, the pre-exercise images were subtracted from the post-exercise images to determine the temperature difference (ΔT) for that dog, on that day, for that activity. Thermography measures radiant energy, temperature, and converts this information into an image. This study looked at ΔT within a region pre and post-exercise. The study failed to find a statistically significant difference in the ΔT within each muscle group between treadmill and search activities. There was a decrease in ΔT within all muscle regions over the of the study except for the right cranial shoulder, right caudal shoulder, and right hamstring for the treadmill activity only. The decrease was significant in the pelvis, left longissimus, right cranial shoulder for the search activity, left oblique, left caudal shoulder, and left quadricep muscular regions. These findings suggest that ΔT in muscle groups are similar between treadmill exercise and rubble search. Regardless of the exercise type, 14 weeks of structured Search and Rescue training and treadmill exercise resulted in less ΔT associated with a structured weekly exercise.

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Medical infrared imaging and orthostatic analysis to determine lameness in the pelvic limbs of dogs

Cited by 17 publications

References 20 publications

Evaluation of Thermographic Imaging in Canine Hindlimb Muscles After 6 Min of Walking—A Pilot Study

Evaluation of Thermographic Imaging in Canine Hindlimb Muscles After 6 Min of Walking—A Pilot Study

Biophotonics in veterinary medicine: the first steps toward clinical translation

Thermal Imaging Following Exercise in Working Dogs

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