“…Computer vision has played an important role in various fields, including biomedical engineering ( Rizqyawan et al, 2020 ; Pratondo et al, 2020 ; Zunair & Hamza, 2020 ; Rizqyawan et al, 2022 ), smart farming, and agriculture ( Rajasekaran et al, 2020 ; Jahanbakhshi et al, 2021 ; Pratondo & Bramantoro, 2022 ; Pratondo & Harahap, 2022 ). The use of smart technology in those fields have been widely used to support many activities, e.g ., seed classification, disease detection, automatic watering, and quality assessment ( Pratondo, Ong & Chui, 2014 ; Budiwati et al, 2021 ; Jong & Pratondo, 2011 ; Pratondo, 2010 ).…”