“…Research studies have shown that the perpetrator of CAN can be a victim of IPV (Casanueva et al, 2007;Coohey, 2004;Margolin, Gordis, Medina, & Oliver, 2003), a perpetrator of IPV (Lutenbacher, 2002;Shipman, Rossman, & West, 1999), or both (Dixon, Hamilton-Giachritsis, Browne, & Ostapuik, 2007). Other research studies have failed to state the identity of the perpetrator clearly (Kohla, Edleson, English, & Barth, 2005;Nelson et al, 2005). Reports in these studies are usually based on self-reports made by female victims to government agencies, the police, and social services organizations.…”