Medical criteria of pathologicity and their role in scientific psychiatry—comments on the articles of Henrik Walter and Marco Stier

Hucklenbroich, Peter

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00128

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…Although animal models can provide useful insights into the pathogenesis of encephalitis ( Liu et al, 2008 ; German et al, 2006 ; Mishra et al, 2009 ; Myint et al, 1999 ), their applicability to the human BBB is limited. There are considerable species-specific differences in BBB, including different expression levels and functionalities of BBB transporters, differences in BBB metabolic enzyme activities, amyloid-beta clearance rates, and timing of BBB maturation, to name a few ( Vogelgesang & Jedlitschky, 2014 ; Qosa et al, 2014 ; Syvänen et al, 2009 ; Chu et al, 2013 ; Deo et al, 2013 ; Semple et al, 2013 ). In vitro models of the human BBB provide greater flexibility for studying the BBB in detail, allow mechanistic insight into the cross talk between virus and the brain endothelium, and give additional physiologically relevant human data, while reducing the reliance on animal models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain microvascular endothelial-astrocyte cell responses following Japanese encephalitis virus infection in an in vitro human blood-brain barrier model

Patabendige

Michael

Craig

et al. 2018

Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience

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Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) remains a leading cause of encephalitis, globally, which continues to grow in importance despite the availability of vaccines. Viral entry into the brain can occur via the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and inflammation at the BBB is a common final pathway in many brain infections. However, the role of the BBB during JEV infection and the contribution of the endothelial and astrocytic cell inflammation in facilitating virus entry into the brain are incompletely understood. We established a BBB model using human brain endothelial cells (HBECs) and human astrocytes. HBECs are polarised, and therefore the model was inoculated by JEV from the apical side to simulate the in vivo situation. The effects of JEV on the BBB permeability and release of inflammatory mediators from both apical and basolateral sides, representing the blood and the brain side respectively were investigated. JEV infected HBECs with limited active virus production, before crossing the BBB and infecting astrocytes. Control of JEV production by HBECs was associated with a significant increase in permeability, and with elevation of many host mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, cellular adhesion molecules, and matrix metalloproteases. When compared to the controls, significantly higher amounts of mediators were released from the apical side as opposed to the basolateral side. The increased release of mediators over time also correlated with increased BBB permeability. Treatment with dexamethasone led to a significant reduction in the release of interleukin 6 (IL6), C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) from the apical side with a reduction in BBB disruption and no change in JEV production. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that JEV infection of the BBB triggers the production of a range of host mediators from both endothelial cells and astrocytes, which control JEV production but disrupt BBB integrity thus allowing virus entry into the brain. Dexamethasone treatment controlled the host response and limited BBB disruption in the model without increasing JEV production, supporting a re-investigation of its use therapeutically.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain microvascular endothelial-astrocyte cell responses following Japanese encephalitis virus infection in an in vitro human blood-brain barrier model

Patabendige

Michael

Craig

et al. 2018

Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience

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“…There is a large and disparate literature that pertains to this issue and it is therefore not feasible to perform a complete review (for relevant readings see: Abouelleil & Bingham, 2014;Bolton, 2008;Browne, 2017;Fulford, 2001Fulford, , 2002Hucklenbroich, 2014;Kendler, 2016;O'Connor, 2017;Porter, 2010;Sadler, 2005;Stein et al, 2010).…”

Section: Recent Views On the Role Of Normativitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental disorder as both natural and normative: Developing the normative dimension of the 3e conceptual framework for psychopathology.

Nielsen

Ward

2020

Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology

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Current arguments concerning the role of normativity within the concept of mental disorder are explored, and some requirements of a successful normative construal sketched out. We then shift to a discussion of "natural" normativity in order to lay the groundwork for our own understanding of what counts as mental disorder. The view we present is grounded in an enactive, embodied, and embedded view of the mind (3e cognition). The position argued for is one where the labeling of a particular set of behaviors as disordered or dysfunctional is justified by the significant violation of norms, but where the norms in question are not socially imposed but are the functional norms of the individual being diagnosed. The strengths and weaknesses of our position are discussed, and an addendum proposed in response to a foreseeable counter-argument. This construal provides a conceptual framework for thinking critically about normative issues in diagnosis, appreciates how central normativity is to the concept of mental disorder, and finally (in being tied to the functionality of the individual), places the institutions of psychiatry and clinical psychology on good ethical ground and allows for consideration of cultural and individual variation during the diagnostic process.

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“…Above that, she warns against mistaking Stier's argument as being one in favor of methodological antireductionism in psychiatry. Peter Hucklenbroich's commentary is on both Stier and Walter, bringing central and well established principles of modern medical pathology to mind (Hucklenbroich, 2014 ). In particular, he opposes the normativity claim, arguing that the criteria of pathologicity are rooted in nature and not relative to social norms and values.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The philosophy of psychiatry and biologism

Stier¹,

Schoene-Seifert²,

Rüther³

et al. 2014

Front. Psychol.

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Medical criteria of pathologicity and their role in scientific psychiatry—comments on the articles of Henrik Walter and Marco Stier

Cited by 13 publications

References 3 publications

Brain microvascular endothelial-astrocyte cell responses following Japanese encephalitis virus infection in an in vitro human blood-brain barrier model

Brain microvascular endothelial-astrocyte cell responses following Japanese encephalitis virus infection in an in vitro human blood-brain barrier model

Mental disorder as both natural and normative: Developing the normative dimension of the 3e conceptual framework for psychopathology.

The philosophy of psychiatry and biologism

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