Mediatory effect of depression in the relations between cognitive reserve and cognitive abilities. Does a CR index matter?

Szepietowska, Ewa Małgorzata

doi:10.5114/hpr.2019.87865

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Research findings also showed associations between CR and gender, depression intensity and age. These results suggest that the individual variables mediate or moderate the relation between CRcognitive functions (Szepietowska, 2019).…”

Section: Cognitive Reserve: Critical Evaluation Of the Methodologymentioning

confidence: 76%

“…quantitative, objective data (e.g., years of education) and/or qualitative data (e.g., type of responsibility at work). Assessment of certain data comprised in CR is performed by study participants in a retrospective and subjective manner (Grotz et al, 2017;Szepietowska, 2019), as a result of which the accumulated data may be inaccurate; additionally, the relevant questionnaires do not account for early stages of development and specificity of socio-political circumstances. As an example, the Working Activity subscale in the CRIq (Nucci et al, 2012) distinguishes a few levels of intellectual involvement in work (including e.g.…”

Section: Cognitive Reserve: Critical Evaluation Of the Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individuals with higher CR, predominantly characterised by positive affectivity, can regulate their emotions more effectively; on the other hand, lower CR is linked to negative mood and poorer cognitive efficiency (Bruno, Brown, Kapucu, Marmar, & Pomara, 2014). Moreover, data from another study showed that depression mediates the links between CR and the cognitive functions, reducing the positive impact of CR (Szepietowska, 2019). Depression may also lead to negative assessment of selected aspects of CR, e.g., social relations, which has also been confirmed by correlation analyses.…”

Section: Relationships Between Cr and Gender Differences Hypertensiomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The methods applied to examine relationships between CR and cognitive functions may also explain the inconsistent findings (Grotz, Seron, Van Wissen, & Adam, 2017;Szepietowska, 2019). Generally, CR level is measured using self-report techniques (Nucci et al, 2012;Rami et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Higher Level of Cognitive Reserve Reduces the Risk of Cognitive Difficulties in Healthy Adults

Szepietowska

Kuzaka

2020

Psihol. teme (Online)

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The study was designed to investigate whether a level of cognitive reserve (CR) is associated with a level of cognitive competences in adults. Evidence from numerous earlier studies suggests that high CR, defined as previously acquired knowledge and experience, plays a protective role with respect to cognitive capacities in adults and senior citizens. Hence, it was hypothesised that a lower CR would predict lower cognitive capacities. The study involved 120 Polish healthy adults (75 women and 45 men) ranging in age from 40 to 85 years (M = 57.42; SD = 10.48). The applied CR index took into account formal education level, involvement in social, occupational and physical activity, and level of social support. The recorded data also included depression level (Beck Depression Inventory, BDI II) and cardiovascular status (hypertension: yes / no). The subjects’ current cognitive competences were assessed using Montreal Cognitive Assessment test (MoCA), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) subtests, verbal fluency tests and Dysexecutive Questionnaire, self-report version (DEX-S). Based on the subjects’ scores in cognitive tests, a cluster analysis was performed, and the participants were divided into two groups presenting lower cognitive level (LCL) and higher cognitive level (HCL). The LCL subjects were older than HCL and they had higher level of depression and lower CR. In order to determine whether lower level of CR is related to lower level of cognitive abilities in the adults, logistic regression analysis was carried out, also taking into account age, cardiovascular status and depression level. It was shown that the higher level of CR reduced the risk of cognitive deficits. Older age corresponds to poorer cognitive function. The findings showed no interaction between CR and age. Depression and health status did not predict level of cognitive abilities. The current findings are consistent with results of earlier studies: higher level of CR may be associated with a lower risk of cognitive deficits and age is a CR–independent variable that affects cognitive performance: the risk of cognitive decline increases with age. These findings are discussed with reference to models and CR indices.

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Section: Cognitive Reserve: Critical Evaluation Of the Methodologymentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Cognitive Reserve: Critical Evaluation Of the Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Relationships Between Cr and Gender Differences Hypertensiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Higher Level of Cognitive Reserve Reduces the Risk of Cognitive Difficulties in Healthy Adults

Szepietowska

Kuzaka

2020

Psihol. teme (Online)

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Is there a combined effect of depression and cognitive reserve on cognitive function? Findings from a population-based study

Lara

Martín‐María

Olaya

et al. 2021

Psychology & Health

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Pragmatic aspects of verbal communication in elderly people: A study of Polish seniors

Daniluk

Borkowska

2020

Intl J Lang & Comm Disor

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BackgroundBehavioural and neuropsychological studies on elderly populations concentrate on many aspects of cognitive functioning, but significantly less research concerns communication processes, including aspects of verbal communication skills, pragmatic issues that are important for performing social tasks at every age.AimsTo characterize the variability in changes that occur with age in the domain of pragmatic aspects of verbal communication skills in a group of individuals aged > 65 years and to define their determinants.Methods & ProceduresA group of 109 normally ageing individuals (aged 64.9–90 years) participated in the study (62 women and 47 men). Participants were divided into two age groups: < 70 and > 71 years old. The verbal communication skills were examined using the Polish version of the Right Hemisphere Language Battery (RHLB‐PL), and cognitive skills using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE).Outcomes & ResultsComparison between the subgroups showed that there was a significant decline in the older group in all the subtests except for the Discourse Analysis. Age did not differentiate discursive abilities in seniors. These data apparently confirm the hypothesis that discursive competences are stable throughout one's lifespan. In order to compare younger and older seniors in terms of the 11 aspects of pragmatic communication, two performance profiles were prepared for the groups and subjected to comparative analyses. The shape of the two profiles of all communication competences was similar. The biggest differences were identified between the groups in the Comments, Humour and Metaphor comprehension and explanation subtests. Analysis of the determinants of changes in pragmatic aspects of verbal communication skills in elderly individuals revealed that the important factors include age, overall level of cognitive function, higher education and female sex.Conclusion & ImplicationsThe relationship between age and pragmatic aspects of verbal communication skills is complex. The results indicate that treating seniors as a homogenous group in terms of pragmatic aspects of verbal communication functioning is incorrect. Age differentially affects the various aspects of communication functions. The level of cognitive functioning mediates the relationship between age and pragmatic aspects of verbal communication skills.What this paper addsWhat is already known on the subject? Behavioural and neuropsychological studies on elderly populations concentrate on many aspects of mnestic functions, executive functions, cognitive flexibility, fluency, cognitive control, working memory, semantic processing, arithmetic competences and perception speed. Significantly less research concerns communication processes, including verbal communication. Older and younger people have usually been compared in particular areas of communication: discourse, understanding of metaphors or prosody. At present there is a paucity of research regarding changes in communication functions at different stages of ageing and profiles of various aspects of verbal communication in old age.What this paper adds to existing knowledge The study indicates that normally ageing individuals are a non‐homogeneous group in terms of pragmatic aspects of verbal communication. Various communication functions change at different rate at various stages of ageing. The study clarified the determinants of changes in pragmatic aspects of verbal communication skills in elderly individuals. These aspects are cognitive abilities, age, a high education level and sex.What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? The research shows that diagnosis of communication competencies in elderly individuals is necessary. Furthermore, the kind of abilities is very important for social relationships and quality of life. It is essential to inform a senior's family about communication changes that occur in normal ageing. Understanding potential verbal communication difficulties in seniors and their determinants are fundamental issues.

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Mediatory effect of depression in the relations between cognitive reserve and cognitive abilities. Does a CR index matter?

Cited by 3 publications

References 74 publications

Higher Level of Cognitive Reserve Reduces the Risk of Cognitive Difficulties in Healthy Adults

Higher Level of Cognitive Reserve Reduces the Risk of Cognitive Difficulties in Healthy Adults

Is there a combined effect of depression and cognitive reserve on cognitive function? Findings from a population-based study

Pragmatic aspects of verbal communication in elderly people: A study of Polish seniors

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