Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations.

Shrout, Patrick E.; Bolger, Niall

doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.4.422

Cited by 9,136 publications

(7,491 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, multiple fit indexes are reported to assess the fit of the hypothesized models to the sample data. Specifically, we report the relative chi-square index (χ 2 /df), where scores below 2 suggest a close fit and scores below 3 suggest an acceptable fit between the model and sample data (Bollen, 1989 We examined mediation by testing the significance of the indirect path using bootstrap methodology, as recommended by (Shrout and Bolger 2002). This approach consists of directly testing the indirect effect by estimating the confidence interval of the indirect effect through bootstrapping.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Marital psychological and physical aggression and children's mental and physical health: Direct, mediated, and moderated effects.

El‐Sheikh¹,

Cummings²,

Kouros³

et al. 2008

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

122

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Relations between marital aggression (psychological and physical) and children's health were examined. Children's emotional insecurity was assessed as a mediator of these relations, with distinctions made between marital aggression against mothers and fathers and ethnicity (African American or European American), socioeconomic status, and child gender examined as moderators of effects. Participants were 251 community-recruited families, with multiple reporters of each construct. Aggression against either parent yielded similar effects for children. Children's emotional insecurity mediated the relation between marital aggression and children's internalizing, externalizing, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. No differences were found in these pathways for African American and European American families or as a function of socioeconomic status or child gender. Keywords marital aggression; emotional security theory; child health; child adjustment; PTSD Children's exposure to marital aggression is a recognized public health problem (National Institutes of Health [NIH], 2003, PAR-03-096), and the examination of the effects of such aggression on child functioning is a significant societal concern. Marital conflict is broadly defined as any difference of opinion, whether minor or major and whether primarily positive or negative. Marital conflict can take many forms, including displays of both positive and negative emotions and constructive (e.g., problem-solving) and destructive (e.g., physical assault) tactics. Thus, marital aggression, characterized by physical and/or psychological abuse, is at the negative extreme of a continuum of marital conflict (Cummings, 1998 considered by some to be psychological abuse, whereas marital physical violence indicates physical assault on a partner's body (Jouriles, Norwood, & McDonald, 1996). Marital psychological/verbal and physical aggression is prevalent in U.S. families (NIH, 2003, PAR-03-096) and is associated with adverse child outcomes in externalizing (Jouriles, Murphy, & O'Learey, 1989), internalizing (Marks, Glaser, Glass, & Horne, 2001), and posttraumatic stress disorder domains (Kilpatrick & Williams, 1997).High levels of spousal physical violence typically co-occur with psychological abuse (Stets, 1990), with psychological abuse almost always preceding physical violence in the relationship (O'Leary, Malone, Tyree, 1994). Furthermore, marital psychological abuse may account for additional unique variance in child functioning after controlling for the effects of physical aggression (Jouriles et al., 1996), highlighting the importance of examining multiple aspects of marital aggression.This study addresses not only the sequelae of marital physical violence on child functioning but also the effects of the more prevalent psychological and emotional marital abuse (Marshall, 1992). Moving beyond the examination of the effects of marital aggression and violence on child witnesses in battered women shelters and clinical settings, this study focuses on a commu...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We examined mediation by testing the significance of the indirect path using bootstrap methodology, as recommended by (Shrout and Bolger 2002). This approach consists of directly testing the indirect effect by estimating the confidence interval of the indirect effect through bootstrapping.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marital psychological and physical aggression and children's mental and physical health: Direct, mediated, and moderated effects.

El‐Sheikh¹,

Cummings²,

Kouros³

et al. 2008

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

122

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…We focused on the change in black-white and Latino-white odds ratios (ORs) across these three models to assess the direction and magnitude of influence of criminal history and socioeconomic status on the association between race-ethnicity and substance abuse treatment (44). This is similar to a traditional test of mediation (44), except, following recommendations of Shrout and Bolger (45) in the presence of small effect sizes and possible suppression effects, we ignored the requirement that there be a significant direct effect between the independent variable (race-ethnicity) and the outcome (receipt of substance abuse treatment).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial-Ethnic Disparities in Substance Abuse Treatment: The Role of Criminal History and Socioeconomic Status

Cook¹,

Alegrı́a²

2011

Psychiatric Services

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Objective Among persons with substance use disorders, those from racial-ethnic minority groups have been found to receive substance abuse treatment at rates equal to or higher than those of non-Latino whites. Little is known about factors underlying this apparent lack of disparities. This study examines racial-ethnic disparities in treatment receipt and mechanisms that reduce or contribute to disparities. Methods Black-white and Latino-white disparities in any and in specialty substance abuse treatment were measured among adult respondents with substance use disorders from the 2005–2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=25,159). Three staged models were used to measure disparities concordant with the Institute of Medicine definition, assess the extent to which criminal history and socioeconomic indicators contributed to disparities, and identify correlates of treatment receipt. Results Treatment was rare (about 10%) for all racial-ethnic groups. Odds ratios for black-white and Latino-white differences decreased and became significantly less than 1 after adjustment for criminal history and socioeconomic status factors. Higher rates of criminal history and enrollment in Medicaid among blacks and Latinos and lower income were specific mechanisms that influenced changes in estimates of disparities across models. Conclusions The greater likelihood of treatment receipt among persons with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status is a pattern unlike those seen in most other areas of medical treatment and important to the understanding of substance abuse treatment disparities. Treatment programs that are mandated by the criminal justice system may provide access to individuals resistant to care, which raises concerns about perceived coercion.

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“…Empirically speaking, the positive association between dysfunctional team behavior and performance (controlling for negative team affective tone) is capturing the part of dysfunctional behavior that is uncorrelated with negative affective tone. MacKinnon et al (2000) and Shrout and Bolger (2002) provide excellent descriptions of empirical suppression within the context of mediation analysis. Although the results show that nonverbal negative expressivity interacted with negative team affective tone to influence team performance, they do not directly assess the conditional indirect effects model depicted in Figure 1 (i.e., Hypothesis 4b).…”

Section: Data Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective mechanisms linking dysfunctional behavior to performance in work teams: A moderated mediation study.

Cole¹,

Walter²,

Bruch³

2008

Journal of Applied Psychology

286

260

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The present study examines the association between dysfunctional team behavior and team performance. Data included measures of teams' dysfunctional behavior and negative affective tone as well as supervisors' ratings of teams' (nonverbal) negative emotional expressivity and performance. Utilizing a field sample of 61 work teams, the authors tested the proposed relationships with robust data analytic techniques. Results were consistent with the hypothesized conceptual scheme, in that negative team affective tone mediated the relationship between dysfunctional team behavior and performance when teams' nonverbal negative expressivity was high but not when nonverbal expressivity was low. On the basis of the findings, the authors conclude that the connection between dysfunctional behavior and performance in team situations is more complex than was previously believed-thereby yielding a pattern of moderated mediation. In sum, the findings demonstrated that team members' collective emotions and emotional processing represent key mechanisms in determining how dysfunctional team behavior is associated with team performance.

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Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations.

Cited by 9,136 publications

References 45 publications

Marital psychological and physical aggression and children's mental and physical health: Direct, mediated, and moderated effects.

Marital psychological and physical aggression and children's mental and physical health: Direct, mediated, and moderated effects.

Racial-Ethnic Disparities in Substance Abuse Treatment: The Role of Criminal History and Socioeconomic Status

Affective mechanisms linking dysfunctional behavior to performance in work teams: A moderated mediation study.

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