Mediation and Causality at the Individual Level

Bergman, Lars R.

doi:10.1007/s12124-009-9102-2

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The presented approach allows one to study directionality of functional relations observed over time and thus matches the notion of individual causality (cf. Bergman, 2009). In the following paragraphs, we start with briefly summarizing the results of extensive MonteCarlo simulation experiments (assessing the Type I error and power performance of the proposed approach) to provide guidelines for practical applications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, correlational analyses are identified to better capture the complexity of dynamic developmental phenomena (e.g., Geldhof et al, 2014). In the person-oriented domain, Bergman (2009) proposes to replace the standard conceptualization of causality (rooted in the experimental paradigm) with the notion of individual causality (rooted in Russell's, 1913, philosophical account of causation) which focuses on functional relations of phenomena. Thus, DDA may constitute a valuable tool to arrive at directional statements concerning intraindividual development and the functional relation of variables observed over time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Directional Dependence in the Analysis of Single Subjects

Wiedermann

Eye²

2016

JPOR

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Abstract:Many statistical methods applied in person-oriented research make use of theoretical principles originally derived in a variable-oriented context. From this perspective, it naturally follows that advances originated in variableoriented methodology may potentially contribute to the development of methods suitable for person-oriented perspectives. Direction Dependence Analysis (DDA) constitutes one of these recent advances and provides a framework to statistically evaluate asymmetric properties of observed variable relations. These asymmetric properties enable researchers to make statements whether a model of the form x → y or a model assuming y → x is more likely to approximate the underlying data-generating process in non-experimental settings. The present article introduces DDA to the context of person-oriented research and extends the DDA principle to (linear) vector autoregressive models (VAR) which can be used to describe individual development. We show that DDA can be used to empirically evaluate directional theories of (potentially multivariate) intraindividual development (e.g., which of two longitudinally observed variables is more likely to be the explanatory variable and which one is more likely to reflect the outcome). An illustrative example is provided from a study on the development of experienced mood and alcohol consumption behavior. It is demonstrated that VAR-DDA resolves the issue of identifying the direction of contemporaneous effects in longitudinal data. Temporality issues of directional theories used to explain intraindividual development, guidelines to achieve acceptable power, methodological requirements, and potential further extensions of DDA for person-oriented research are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Directional Dependence in the Analysis of Single Subjects

Wiedermann

Eye²

2016

JPOR

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“…Nevertheless, it seems reasonable to believe that a careful analysis of good non-experimental longitudinal data can make possible inferences about average causality. However, inferences about individual causality are another matter and tend to be much more difficult, also in an experimental situation (Bergman, 2009 ). This is illustrated by the example given below.…”

Section: Interpreting Measurements For Single Individualsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interpretation of single individuals’ measurements

Bergman

2018

JPOR

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This article concerns the interpretation and construction of measurements for single observational units, including the creation of scales or indexes to improve the quality of the measurements. The focus is on the individual as the observational unit in psychology, but to present a broader perspective related measurement issues in official statistics are also discussed. It is concluded that when individual measurements are to be interpreted, measurement precision must be given priority and taken into account in the research design. Unfortunately, most measures in psychology are not highly reliable, and examples are given demonstrating that such measures do not normally allow the researcher to make inferences about single individuals. Methods for testing questionnaires in a cognitive laboratory that have been developed within survey research can provide useful tools to increase both reliability and validity of single questions/items.

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“…Within a personoriented framework, a whole system view is taken and it is often seen as impossible to manipulate one factor without at the same time change other system components. Hence, the ordinary interpretation of causality may not be applicable and it can sometimes be replaced by the goal of understanding how external factors change system behavior (Bergman, 2009).…”

Section: It Is Unclear What New Knowledge Is Producedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges for Person-Oriented Research: Some Considerations Based on Laursen’s Arti-cle I Don’t Quite Get it…: Personal Experiences with the Person-Oriented Approach

Bergman¹

2015

JPOR

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This is a commentary to an article published by Brett Laursen in the first issue of the Journal for Person-Oriented Research where he wrote about his personal experiences with the person-oriented approach (Laursen, 2015). He discussed several sources of confusion with the approach and pointed to the importance of identifying areas of miscommunication that need to be addressed. Sources of confusion included the comparatively modest impact of the approach on mainstream research, terminological confusion, technical obstacles, and unclarity about what new knowledge is produced by the approach. These sources are briefly discussed and it is pointed out that the confusion is only partly due to miscommunication. It is true that those of us responsible for developing and advocating the approach have a communication problem with the broader scientific community that needs to be addressed-but Laursen´s confusion also points to challenges for the person-oriented approach in theory formulation and methodology development. Finally, it is urged that, when writing a paper using the person-oriented approach, the researcher should pay attention to Laursen´s sources of confusion and strive for clarity.

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Mediation and Causality at the Individual Level

Cited by 14 publications

References 10 publications

Directional Dependence in the Analysis of Single Subjects

Directional Dependence in the Analysis of Single Subjects

The interpretation of single individuals’ measurements

Challenges for Person-Oriented Research: Some Considerations Based on Laursen’s Arti-cle I Don’t Quite Get it…: Personal Experiences with the Person-Oriented Approach

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