Small industrial sources collectively release large amounts
of
pollution, including particulate matter (PM) that contributes to air
quality problems in the United States and elsewhere. We study one
such type of industrial facility, concrete batch plants, and analyze
PM emissions and siting patterns of 131 plants located in Harris County,
Texas. We find that concrete batch plants in Harris County are collectively
a major pollution source, contributing between 38 and 111 tons of
primary PM2.5 emissions (between 26%–76% of PM2.5 from the median Texas oil refinery) and between 109 and
493 tons of primary PM10 emissions (between 64%–290%
of PM10 from the median refinery). Estimates from an integrated
assessment model suggest that health damages from the PM2.5 emissions alone amount to $29 million annually, reflecting two additional
premature deaths per year. We further find that concrete batch plants
in Harris County are disproportionately located in census tracts with
more low-income, Hispanic, and Black populations, thereby raising
important environmental justice questions. On the basis of these findings,
we argue that small pollution sources require more air quality monitoring
and emissions reporting and that regulatory agencies should consider
cumulative environmental and health impacts of these sources as part
of the permitting process.