Medial and lateral amygdalectomy differentially influences consummatory negative contrast☆

Becker, Howard C.; Jarvis, Michael F.; Wagner, George C.; Flaherty, Charles F.

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(84)90035-0

Cited by 65 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Although we cannot discard this possibility, the unit-dose effectiveness has not been established for food and shifting the fixed ratio to a higher ratio schedule should be performed to verify this hypothesis. Alternatively, a consummatory negative contrast (cSNC) might account for a reduced palatability of pellets used in the operant chambers [39]. Nevertheless, such an effect should have been already observed after 1-week HFD and maintained during all the experimental phases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decreased rates of operant food self-administration are associated with reward deficits in high-fat feeding mice

et al. 2015

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decreased rates of operant food self-administration are associated with reward deficits in high-fat feeding mice

et al. 2015

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“…reduced the negative contrast that occurred when rats were shifted from 32% to 4% sucrose. Negative contrast is thought to be associated with frustration and anxiety-like behavior (Becker et al, 1984). …”

Section: Beyond the Aversive Unconditioned Effects Of Ethanol: Appmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing appetitive, aversive, and negative ethanol-mediated reinforcement through an immature rat model

Pautassi

Nizhnikov

Spear

2009

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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The motivational effects of drugs play a key role during the transition from casual use to abuse and dependence. Ethanol reinforcement has been successfully studied through Pavlovian and operant conditioning in adult rats and mice genetically selected for their ready acceptance of ethanol. Another model for studying ethanol reinforcement is the immature (preweanling) rat, which consumes ethanol and exhibits the capacity to process tactile, odor and taste cues and transfer information between different sensorial modalities. This review describes the motivational effects of ethanol in preweanling, heterogeneous non-selected rats. Preweanlings exhibit ethanol-mediated conditioned taste avoidance and conditioned place aversion. Ethanol's appetitive effects, however, are evident when using first- and second-order conditioning and operant procedures. Ethanol also devalues the motivational representation of aversive stimuli, suggesting early negative reinforcement. It seems that preweanlings are highly sensitive not only to the aversive motivational effects of ethanol but also to its positive and negative (anti-anxiety) reinforcement potential. The review underscores the advantages of using a developing rat to evaluate alcohol's motivational effects.

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“…Similarly, in instrumental conditioning, lesions of the BLA impair the ability of rats to detect a decrease in reward magnitude (the "Crespi" or "negative contrast" effect; Becker et al 1984;Salinas et al 1996). Thus, BLA lesions may block acquisition of second-order conditioning by blocking access to a memory of the current motivational value of the reinforcer, stored in the posterior insular cortex.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Reinforcement Ii: Other Higher-order Conditionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Pavlovian Higher-Order Conditioning Paradigms to Investigate the Neural Substrates of Emotional Learning and Memory

2000

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In first-order Pavlovian conditioning, learning is acquired by pairing a conditioned stimulus (CS) with an intrinsically motivating unconditioned stimulus (US; e.g., food or shock). In higher-order Pavlovian conditioning (sensory preconditioning and second-order conditioning), the CS is paired with a stimulus that has motivational value that is acquired rather than intrinsic. This review describes some of the ways higher-order conditioning paradigms can be used to elucidate substrates of learning and memory, primarily focusing on fear conditioning. First-order conditioning, second-order conditioning, and sensory preconditioning allow for the controlled demonstration of three distinct forms of memory, the neural substrates of which can thus be analyzed. Higher-order conditioning phenomena allow one to distinguish more precisely between processes involved in transmission of sensory or motor information and processes involved in the plasticity underlying learning. Finally, higher-order conditioning paradigms may also allow one to distinguish between processes involved in behavioral expression of memory retrieval versus processes involved in memory retrieval itself.By reducing learning to its most rudimentary components, the influence of undefined and uncontrollable confounding variables can be minimized. Consequently, much of the progress that has been achieved in searching for the neural substrates of learning and memory has been made using some of the simplest forms of learning. In one such paradigm, first-order Pavlovian conditioning, a conditioned stimulus (CS, such as a tone or light) acquires motivational significance by being paired with an intrinsically aversive or rewarding unconditioned stimulus (US, such as foot shock or food). Learning is evaluated by the ability of the CS to elicit a conditioned response (CR) in anticipation of the occurrence of the US. The use of first-order conditioning has revealed genetic and cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory in species ranging from the fruit fly and sea snail to the mouse and rat.Thus far, less attention has been paid by neurobiologists to the potential uses of higher-order Pavlovian conditioning, learning phenomena in which a CS (S2) acquires associative strength by being paired with another CS (S1) rather than with a US. The pairing of S2 with S1 may occur before S1 is paired with the US (sensory preconditioning) or after S1 has been paired with the US (second-order conditioning; see Table 1). The cardinal feature of both sensory preconditioning and second-order conditioning-and that which recommends these paradigms to the service of neurobiologists interested in learning and memory-is that S2 acquires associative strength even though it is never paired directly with a US. This article will describe two promising avenues of research in higher-order conditioning. First, the fact that reinforcing value is acquired makes higher-order conditioning well suited to investigating the neural substrates of different forms of reinforcement. Second, the abs...

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Medial and lateral amygdalectomy differentially influences consummatory negative contrast☆

Cited by 65 publications

References 49 publications

Decreased rates of operant food self-administration are associated with reward deficits in high-fat feeding mice

Decreased rates of operant food self-administration are associated with reward deficits in high-fat feeding mice

Assessing appetitive, aversive, and negative ethanol-mediated reinforcement through an immature rat model

Using Pavlovian Higher-Order Conditioning Paradigms to Investigate the Neural Substrates of Emotional Learning and Memory

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