“…A second scholarly approach opted to treat the media's claims as an empirical hypothesis to be tested through various social scientific methods, such as surveys of judges and/or attorneys (e.g., Hughes and Magers, 2007;Robbers, 2008;Smith et al, 2008;Stevens, 2008;Thomas, 2006;Watkins, 2004), police officers (Huey, 2010), convicts (Prainsack and Kitzberger, 2009), or potential jurors (e.g., Brewer and Ley, 2010;Holmgren and Fordham, 2011;Okita, 2007;Podlas, 2006Podlas, , 2006Podlas, -2007Shelton et al, 2006Shelton et al, , 2009Smith et al, 2008); jury simulations (e.g., Jenkins et al, 2008;Reardon and O'Neil, 2008;Schweitzer and Saks, 2007;Smith et al, 2008); or longitudinal measurements of changes in acquittal rates in American trials (e.g., Dioso-Villa, 2007, 2009;Dupont, 2007;Loeffler, 2006;Owens, 2010).…”