Medeklinkerwisseling tussen enkel- en meervoudsvormen

Abstract

How many dialects were spoken in nineteenth-century Amsterdam? In his Algemeen Nederduitsch en Friesch Dialecticon (1874) Johan Winkler stated, after consultation with Jan ter Gouw, that in 19th-century Amsterdam 19 different dialects could be distinguished. This article investigates whether it is possible to find evidence for this assertion in the surviving language material. For this purpose all language phenomena mentioned in 57 sources up till the mid-twentieth century have been put into a database, with information on the neighbourhood where they were used, and other metadata. The resulting database contains 9000 language phenomena of which around 4000 could be linked to a specific neighbourhood. From this it appeared that the number of 19 dialects mentioned by Winkler and Ter Gouw is an exaggeration: on the basis of the available linguistic information, we can only distinguish 5 of the 19 dialects mentioned by them. Next to these, however, we can distinguish a dialect not mentioned by Winkler and Ter Gouw, that of the higher classes (spoken along the Herengracht and Keizersgracht), and 5 sociolects or technical jargons: the Bargoens of thieves and tramps, the jargons of diamond workers, dock-workers, street musicians and players of bingo. Around 1900 the variation is reduced and the dialects gradually merged into a more or less uniform Amsterdam city dialect, due to mobility of labour.

Caribbean Cultural Heritage And The Nation. Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao in a Regional Context

“…Fragmented Nation-Building and Popular (Counter)Cultures in Jamaica 34 Hanging out in Kingston, visitors may end up in Tracks & Records, a flashy place to have a beer or dinner. Huge screens project all the well-known races of Jamaican sprinting hero Usain Bolt, who is the owner.…”

“…The island's economy grew annually on average by 17.3 percent (nominal terms) and by 12.7 percent (real terms) in that period. 34 The economic growth was also stimulated by the reopening of the refinery (Coastal Aruba Refining Company N.v.) in 1990, 35 propelled by new Prime Minister…”

“…The resulting work attracts national and international audiences alike, as demonstrated by visitor numbers. 34 While presenting slavery in a historical context conflicts with the traditional Dutch sense of self and nation, contemporary personal artistic reckonings with the past spark much less debate and are not avoided in nation-building and nation-branding cultural sites.…”

“…30 Tourists often seem to be more interested in the slavery narrative than locals do. 31 And to top it off, there is or at least was quite some Dutch influence in where and 34 Generally speaking, all three islands present indigenous archaeological objects to a much greater degree than they do a coherent narrative of slavery.…”

“…He attributed this to a political climate in which interest in the arts was nonexistent and to what he called "the absence of a democratic cultural policy." 34 The governmental investment in culture is a bit more substantial than it is in Curaçao, at 0.31 percent of the 2020 total budget, but a large part of that is not going to art. 35 The aforementioned initiatives such as Ateliers'89 are for the large part sponsored by funds from the Netherlands.…”