Medaka (Oryzias latipes) Embryo as a Model for the Screening of Compounds That Counteract the Damage Induced by Ultraviolet and High-Energy Visible Light

Abstract

Continuous overexposure to sunlight increases its harmful effects on the skin. For this reason, there is a growing need to characterize economic models more representative of the negative effects and counteracting responses that irradiation causes on human skin. These models will serve for the screening of protective compounds against damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) and high energy visible light (HEV). Therefore, two common in vitro models employed for sunlight irradiation studies, namely human keratinocyte HaCat culture and reconstructed human epidermis (RHE), were compared with the medaka fish embryo model, traditionally used in other scientific disciplines. Using suberythemal doses of UVA and HEV to determine the level of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation and thymine dimers formed by UVB, we show that medaka embryo responds with a lower damage level, more comparable to human skin, than the other two models, probably due to the protective mechanisms that work in a complete organism. In the same way, the protective effects of antioxidant compounds have the greatest effect on medaka embryos. Taken together, these findings suggest that medaka embryos would be a good alternative in vitro model for sunlight effect studies, and for the screening of molecules with counteracting capacity against the damage caused by UV and HEV.

Direct and Indirect Effects of Blue Light Exposure on Skin: A Review of Published Literature

“…Searches were restricted to clinical trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and in vitro and in vivo studies reporting results in humans or non-clinical specimens. PubMed was searched using the term string (["blue light" OR "blue-light" OR "violet-blue light" OR "high-energy visible light"] AND [skin OR [8] 450 nm at 30 mW/cm 2 Mignon et al 2018 [9] 400-500 nm (peak at 450 nm) at 17.3 J/cm 2 for 6 h Morvan et al 2019 [10] ≥400 nm and ≥450 nm at 120, 150, and 200 J/cm 2 Mann et al 2019 [11] Reconstituted human epidermis 0.14% at 350-400 nm, 98.3% at 400-700 nm, 1.7% at 700-1,400 nm, and 0.3% at >1,400 nm at 65, 130, and 180 J/cm 2 Liebel et al 2012 [12] 445-465 nm at 50 J/cm 2 Merino et al 2020 [6] Volunteers 0.14% at 350-400 nm, 98.3% at 400-700 nm, 1.7% at 700-1,400 nm, and 0.3% at >1,400 nm; 50 J/ cm 2 at 150 mW/cm 2 Liebel et al 2012 [12] Artificially carbonylated porcine stratum corneum 470 nm at 12 J/cm 2 Yoo et al 2020 [17] Carotenoid degradation Volunteers 380-495 nm (peak at 440 nm) at 50 or 100 J/cm 2 Vandersee et al 2015 [18] 450±20 nm at 45 J/cm 2 for 5 consecutive days, 450±20 nm at 135 J/cm 2 single irradiation Schütz et al 2019 [19] 440 nm (peak) at 100 J/cm 2 Mann et al 2019 [11] Flavin degradation Hairless mice 460 nm (peak) at 44 mW/cm…”

“…Multiple studies have shown that blue light exposure causes excessive ROS generation in cultured human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts, in medaka fish embryos, and in the skin of hairless mice and healthy human volunteers [6, 7, 9, 11-14, 16, 18-20]. The main chromophores responsible for blue light-induced ROS overproduction are believed to be flavins, such as flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and porphyrins such as heme [5].…”

Active Components of Leontopodium alpinum Callus Culture Extract for Blue Light Damage in Human Foreskin Fibroblasts

“…OPN3 is a non-visual OPN that is highly expressed in the skin, and has been shown to upregulate tyrosinase activity in human epidermal melanocytes [23]. OPNs are chromophores responsible for the direct effects of blue light and their activation leads to an overproduction of ROS [24]. Lan et al demonstrated that OPN3 functions as a UVA phototransduction sensor in fibroblasts, playing a role in the upregulation of MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression [25].…”

Survival Rates of Oryzias Celebensis Embryo Reared in Different Media in an Attempt to Provide Embryos for Ecotoxicological Studies

“…This is because paddy fish have a fast growth rate, short lifespan, and life cycle, are easy to identify and cultivate and have a wide geographic distribution [9]- [12]. Not only in fish but embryos from paddy fish can also be used as ecotoxicological test biota [13]- [22]. One of the requirements as a test biota is that this paddy fish embryo has a sensitivity to various important contaminants such as xenobiotics [18], [23]- [25].…”