Mechanoresponse of stem cells for vascular repair

Abstract

Stem cells have shown great potential in vascular repair. Numerous evidence indicates that mechanical forces such as shear stress and cyclic strain can regulate the adhesion, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of stem cells via serious signaling pathways. The enrichment and differentiation of stem cells play an important role in the angiogenesis and maintenance of vascular homeostasis. In normal tissues, blood flow directly affects the microenvironment of vascular endothelial cells (ECs); in pathological status, the abnormal interactions between blood flow and vessels contribute to the injury of vessels. Next, the altered mechanical forces are transduced into cells by mechanosensors to trigger the reformation of vessels. This process occurs when signaling pathways related to EC differentiation are initiated. Hence, a deep understanding of the responses of stem cells to mechanical stresses and the underlying mechanisms involved in this process is essential for clinical translation. In this the review, we provide an overview of the role of stem cells in vascular repair, outline the performance of stem cells under the mechanical stress stimulation, and describe the related signaling pathways.

Moderate Alcohol Consumption Targets S100β+ Vascular Stem Cells and Attenuates Injury‐Induced Neointimal Hyperplasia

“…to altered mechanical strain due to reduced blood flow following ligation (Tian et al, 2019), was evident in both males and females across all vessel compartments (i.e., adventitial, medial, neointimal) but occurred chiefly in the neointimal compartment, and to a greater degree in males. We found on average that~30 to 60% of neointimal cells in remodeled carotids were S100b-positive and most, but not all, of these were also a-SMA-positive.…”

Mechanical loading stimulates bone angiogenesis through enhancing type H vessel formation and downregulating exosomal miR‐214‐3p from bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells

“…The enrichment and differentiation of stem cells play an important role in the angiogenesis and maintenance of vascular homeostasis. 13 Exosomes and microvesicles are derived from MSCs, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and their precursors. As an important linker, they are shown to play pivotal roles in bone remodeling, including osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and angiogenesis.…”

“…Mechanical forces such as shear stress and cyclic strain can regulate the adhesion, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of stem cells via serious signaling pathways. The enrichment and differentiation of stem cells play an important role in the angiogenesis and maintenance of vascular homeostasis 13 . Exosomes and microvesicles are derived from MSCs, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and their precursors.…”

“…12 Mechanical forces play a crucial role in vascular injury and repair, which can directly activate the mechanosensing molecules. 13 We have developed joint loading modalities, 14 in which dynamic lateral loads are applied to synovial joints such as the elbow, 15 knee, 16 and ankle. 17,18 It is considered that mechanical loading induces dynamic deformation in the epiphysis that drives the alteration in intramedullary pressure in the medullary cavity and interstitial fluid flow in the lacunocanalicular network.…”

“…In blood flow, shear stress and strain in the vessels are the major biomechanical parameters 12 . Mechanical forces play a crucial role in vascular injury and repair, which can directly activate the mechanosensing molecules 13 . We have developed joint loading modalities, 14 in which dynamic lateral loads are applied to synovial joints such as the elbow, 15 knee, 16 and ankle 17,18 .…”