Mechanochemical devulcanization of natural rubber vulcanizate by dual function disulfide chemicals

Ghorai, Soumyajit; Bhunia, S.; Roy, Madhusudan; De, Debapriya

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.03.024

Cited by 84 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Fine Chem., India), hydrogen peroxide (Merck Ltd. India), hydrochloric acid (Merck Ltd. India), and ethanol were used as received for the preparation of graphene oxide (GO). For the preparation of SBR/DeVulcNR/SiO 2 /GO composite, DeVulcNR is prepared from ground natural rubber (GNR) vulcanizate using bis(3‐triethoxysilyl propyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT), a dual function disulfide chemical, reported by the authors . Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) (SBR‐1502) (Synthetics and Chemicals Ltd., India), bis(3‐triethoxysilyl propyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) used as devulcanizing agent, zinc oxide (S.D.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The rubber–filler interaction and reinforcement in styrene butadiene rubber/devulcanize natural rubber composites with silica–graphene oxide

et al. 2018

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Ethoxy functionalized devulcanize natural rubber (DeVulcNR) is used as compatibilizer for silica/graphene oxide (SiO2@GO) hybrid fillers in the styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) to fabricate SBR composites. The dispersion behavior of SiO2@GO hybrid filler was investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the tensile fracture surface along with the broken rubber surface developed by plunging into liquid nitrogen. The rubber–filler interfacial interactions were evaluated through the measurement of equilibrium swelling experiment, fraction of immobilized polymer chain by DSC study, FTIR analysis, and molecular dynamics simulation. The results reveal that in the presence of DeVulcNR, the rubber–filler interaction is enhanced compared with that of the control formulations containing only SBR. SiO2@GO hybrid‐filler shows synergistic effect on the mechanical properties of the composites in the presence of DeVulcNR. The improved mechanical properties of the SiO2@GO hybrid filler rubber composites may be due to chemical interaction among the functional groups of SiO2 and GO with the DeVulcNR. Further, XRD study indicates that there is no significant layer‐by‐layer restack of GO in the SBR/DeVulcNR composites. The higher storage modulus and lower tan δ of the SiO2@GO hybrid filler rubber composites show superior interfacial interaction between rubber and filler compared with that of the control formulations. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:E1559–E1572, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The rubber–filler interaction and reinforcement in styrene butadiene rubber/devulcanize natural rubber composites with silica–graphene oxide

et al. 2018

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“…Consequently, the amount of recycled rubber in a new rubber product can be increased without compromising its mechanical properties. There are various methods for rubber devulcanization, including thermomechanical, thermochemical, mechanochemical, physical, and biological techniques, as well as methods using microwaves and ultrasound …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave devulcanization of ground tire rubber and applicability in SBR compounds

Simon

Pirityi

Tamás‐Bényei

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Rubber recycling is a major environmental challenge, as their covalently crosslinked structure makes it impossible to reprocess via conventional polymer processing technologies. Devulcanization of rubber waste, whereby crosslinks are selectively broken, may provide a solution, as it allows it to be remolded into new shapes. We used two types of ground tire rubbers (GTRs) for this study; mechanically ground and waterjet‐milled GTRs with different particle sizes. First, we revealed the effects of GTR particle size on the devulcanization process. We examined the sol content of the samples before and after devulcanization with two different microwave ovens, a power‐controlled conventional one, and a temperature‐controlled laboratory oven. In the latter one, heating rate and maximum temperature were controlled. We studied the effects of temperature, atmosphere in which the rubber was treated, heating rate, and holding time at maximum temperature. We prepared styrene‐butadiene rubber‐based rubber compounds containing GTR and optimally devulcanized GTR (dGTR_WJ). The physical and mechanical properties of the samples were assessed. The results indicate that both GTR_WJ and dGTR_WJ have an accelerating and a mildly softening effect on curing and dGTR_WJ has a less significant negative effect on mechanical properties: 15 phr GTR_WJ has the same effect as 45 phr dGTR_WJ. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Applied Polymer Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48351.

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“…Recycling of the vulcanized rubber is an alternative method that converts the rubber waste into value added products [5][6][7]. Devulcanization is one form of recycling, where the crosslinked bonds in the rubber chains are cleaved, and can be classified into the three broad processes of physical [8][9][10][11][12][13][14], chemical [12,13,[15][16][17][18][19][20] and biological [12,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] devulcanization processes. Physical devulcanization generally requires a high temperature or external energy for cleavage of the crosslinked bonds and so this process has a high cost and high energy consumption, challenging its economic and environmental viability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although chemical devulcanization appears more favorable due to its high selectivity in cleavage of the disulfide bonds, the chemical reagents used are typically toxic for the user and the environment [16]. In addition, the rubber waste needs to be immersed in an organic solvent to allow the chemical reagents to easily penetrate into the rubbery matrix and react with the crosslink bonds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the rubber waste needs to be immersed in an organic solvent to allow the chemical reagents to easily penetrate into the rubbery matrix and react with the crosslink bonds. Due to the difficulty of subsequent solvent removal and prevention of exposure to toxic chemicals [12,15,16], the advanced technique of using a non-toxic supercritical fluid (carbon dioxide, methane and water) has been applied instead, but this approach requires a high cost and energy consumption [4,12,17,18]. Accordingly, biological devulcanization has been suggested as an alternative method for green technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Devulcanization of natural rubber vulcanizates by Bacillus cereus TISTR 2651

Kaewpetch¹,

Prasongsuk²,

Poompradub³

2019

Express Polym. Lett.

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The ability of Bacillus cereus TISTR 2651 to perform biological devulcanization of natural rubber cured by conventional vulcanization (CV), semi-efficient vulcanization or efficient vulcanization was studied. Among the three curing systems, B. cereus TISTR 2651 could specifically devulcanize rubber products formed from the CV system the best, removing 26.44% of the sulfur within 20 days. Moreover, B. cereus TISTR 2651 could oxidize and desulfurize the sulfide crosslinks in the CV rubber and transform them to oxygen-containing sulfur-based groups via the 4S pathway. Additionally, the molecular weight, crosslink density and gel fraction of the CV rubber were also significantly decreased from the original levels. Horikx analysis was used to propose the mechanism of bacterial devulcanization. Finally, ground tire rubber (GTR) was devulcanized by B. cereus TISTR 2651 and the percentage of sulfur removal was about 27.98 for 20 days, where similar results were also obtained. Accordingly, B. cereus TISTR 2651 can be applied for the management of rubber waste, leading towards a solution of this environmental problem.

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Mechanochemical devulcanization of natural rubber vulcanizate by dual function disulfide chemicals

Cited by 84 publications

References 26 publications

The rubber–filler interaction and reinforcement in styrene butadiene rubber/devulcanize natural rubber composites with silica–graphene oxide

The rubber–filler interaction and reinforcement in styrene butadiene rubber/devulcanize natural rubber composites with silica–graphene oxide

Microwave devulcanization of ground tire rubber and applicability in SBR compounds

Devulcanization of natural rubber vulcanizates by Bacillus cereus TISTR 2651

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