Mechanistic Understanding of the Engineered Nanomaterial-Induced Toxicity on Kidney

Abstract

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have been applied in many fields, such as food industry, biomedicine, and so on. However, the study on the health and safety implications of ENMs is still insufficient. Previous studies have shown that nanoparticles under acute or chronic exposure could be transported and accumulated in various organs and tissues, resulting in adverse effects or systemic toxicity. Among these, the kidney is one of the main organs that exposed ENMs will target through different routes. One of the important functions of the kidney is to discharge metabolic wastes and exogenous substances from the blood circulation of the whole body. During ENM exposure, the kidney may become vulnerable to toxicity. Studies have suggested that nanoparticles exposed to the kidney could provoke glomerular swelling, basilar membrane thickening, degeneration, and necrosis of renal tubular cells. These adverse effects of nanoparticles on the kidney may be related to their induced oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, DNA damage, and ER stress. This review aims to examine current studies on ENM-induced nephrotoxicity, with the focus on elucidating the potential molecular mechanisms of nanoparticle-induced toxicity on the kidney, which will further facilitate the safer design of ENMs and their applications.

Protein Component of Oyster Glycogen Nanoparticles: An Anchor Point for Functionalization

“…The complex biological environment presents numerous obstacles to the development of functional nanoparticles for the therapeutic treatment and diagnosis of diseases. The success of nanoparticles in achieving their therapeutic potential, particularly in targeted gene and drug delivery, hinges on the ability of the nanoparticles to (1) negotiate the immune system, , (2) degrade or be excreted in such a way and on a timescale so as to not induce secondary long-term effects, − and (3) preserve their functionality within the complex biological milieu. The physiological response to nanoparticles varies considerably depending on the type of material (surface chemistry and charge) and physical properties (size, shape, and mechanical properties , ) of the nanoparticles.…”

Gadolinium (III)‐Chelated Deformable Mesoporous Organosilica Nanoparticles as Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent

“…The small molecule Gd‐DTPA can be efficiently filtered by the glomerulus and cleared from the body through the urinary system. [ 31 ] The urinary system has a high clearance efficiency; therefore, Gd‐DTPA accumulates in the kidney in a short period of time, with a very high signal enhancement detected in the kidney at 1 h. Owing to the rapidity of this metabolic pathway, the signal in the kidney returned to normal levels at 6 h (Figure 4d). Figure S17 (Supporting Information) better showed the metabolic process of Gd‐DTPA, where the renal signal enhancement reaches its highest value after 15 min of injection and starts to decrease at 45 min.…”

The influence of IONPs core size on their biocompatibility and activity in in vitro cellular models

“…They are also easier phagocytized and may accumulate in the cell at higher concentration. Additionally, smaller IONPs have larger active surface what causes that they are more effective in production of reactive oxygen species than the larger NPs 41 , 42 .…”