Mechanistic Insights and Potential Use of Siderophores Producing Microbes in Rhizosphere for Mitigation of Stress in Plants Grown in Degraded Land

Abstract

Plant growth performance under a stressful environment, notably in the agriculture field, is directly correlated with the rapid growth of the human population, which triggers the pressure on crop productivity. Plants perceived many stresses owing to degraded land, which induces low plant productivity and, therefore, becomes a foremost concern for the future to face a situation of food scarcity. Land degradation is a very notable environmental issue at the local, regional, and global levels for agriculture. Land degradation generates global problems such as drought desertification, heavy metal contamination, and soil salinity, which pose challenges to achieving many UN Sustainable Development goals. The plant itself has a varied algorithm for the mitigation of stresses arising due to degraded land; the rhizospheric system of the plant has diverse modes and efficient mechanisms to cope with stress by numerous root-associated microbes. The suitable root-associated microbes and components of root exudate interplay against stress and build adaptation against stress-mediated mechanisms. The problem of iron-deficient soil is rising owing to increasing degraded land across the globe, which hampers plant growth productivity. Therefore, in the context to tackle these issues, the present review aims to identify plant-stress status owing to iron-deficient soil and its probable eco-friendly solution. Siderophores are well-recognized iron-chelating agents produced by numerous microbes and are associated with the rhizosphere. These siderophore-producing microbes are eco-friendly and sustainable agents, which may be managing plant stresses in the degraded land. The review also focuses on the molecular mechanisms of siderophores and their chemistry, cross-talk between plant root and siderophores-producing microbes to combat plant stress, and the utilization of siderophores in plant growth on degraded land.

Potential of plant growth promoting bacterial consortium for improving the growth and yield of wheat under saline conditions

“…These beneficial bacteria including plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been widely reported to help crop plants in various kinds of stresses under varying environmental conditions ( Khan et al, 2013 ; Raza et al, 2021 ; Nadeem et al, 2022 ; Rafique et al, 2022 ). These PGPR protect the plant from the negative impact of salinity through a number of their direct and indirect mechanisms and therefore enable it to withstand stress environment ( Zahir et al, 2009 , 2019 ; Fu et al, 2010 ; Glick, 2013 ; Nadeem et al, 2016 ; Ullah et al, 2017 ; Al-Barakah and Sohaib, 2019 ; Rafique et al, 2021 ; Saeed et al, 2021 ; Singh P. et al, 2022 ; Upadhyay and Chauhan, 2022 ; Upadhyay et al, 2022 ). However, under certain stresses, the results obtained in axenic conditions could not be reproduced in the field ( Smyth et al, 2011 ).…”

Effects of Rhizobium leguminosarum Thy2 on the Growth and Tolerance to Cadmium Stress of Wheat Plants

“…They play an important role in stimulating plant growth, enhancing sustainability and protecting against pathogens. [ 45 ]. Since the Thy2 strain was found to grow on a nitrogen-free medium, it has the potential for nitrogen fixation.…”

Beneficial bacterial-Auricularia cornea interactions fostering growth enhancement identified from microbiota present in spent mushroom substrate

“…In many bacteria and fungi, the complex form of iron (Fe 3+ ) from the environment is bound to siderophore and the Fe 3+ siderophore is then moved across the cell membrane into the cell by energy-dependent systems. The Fe 3+ ion is reduced into Fe 2+ ion, which can then be utilized by the cell ( Renshaw et al, 2002 ; Bhojiya et al, 2022 ; Singh et al, 2022 ). The production and secretion of siderophore will thus be beneficial for A. cornea to acquire, transport, and process the essential Fe ion during mushroom development and differentiation ( Carrano et al, 2001 ; Bergeron et al, 2011 ).…”